Clozapine (clozapine 25 mg) Dailymed
Generic: clozapine is used for the treatment of Bipolar Disorder Coma Epilepsy Myeloproliferative Disorders Neutropenia Psychotic Disorders Schizophrenia
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Boxed Warning
Warning: Severe Neutropenia; Orthostatic Hypotension, Bradycardia, And Syncope; Seizure; Myocarditis And Cardiomyopathy; Increased Mortality In Elderly Patients With Dementia-related Psychosis
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Severe Neutropenia: Clozapine can cause severe neutropenia, which can lead to serious and fatal infections. Patients initiating and continuing treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets must have a baseline blood absolute neutrophil count (ANC) measured before treatment initiation and regular ANC monitoring during treatment (
2.1 ,5.1 ). -
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are available only through a restricted program called the Clozapine REMS (
5.2 ). -
Orthostatic Hypotension, Bradycardia, and Syncope: Risk is dose-related. Starting dose is 12.5 mg. Titrate gradually and use divided dosages (
2.3 ,2.6 ,5.3 ). -
Seizure: Risk is dose-related. Titrate gradually and use divided doses. Use with caution in patients with history of seizure or risk factors for seizure (
2.3 ,5.5 ). -
Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy: Can be fatal. Discontinue and obtain cardiac evaluation if findings suggest these cardiac reactions (
5.6 ). -
Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis: Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are not approved for this condition (
5.7 ).
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Recent Major Changes Section
Boxed Warning, Orthostatic Hypotension, Bradycardia, Syncope 4/2023
Dosage and Administration, Re-Initiation of Treatment (2.6 ) 4/2023
Warnings and Precautions, Orthostatic Hypotension, Bradycardia, and Syncope (5.3 ) 4/2023
Warnings and Precautions, Gastrointestinal Hypomotility with Severe Complications (5.8 ) 4/2023
Warning: Severe Neutropenia; Orthostatic Hypotension, Bradycardia, And Syncope; Seizure; Myocarditis And Cardiomyopathy; Increased Mortality In Elderly Patients With Dementia-related Psychosis
Severe Neutropenia
Clozapine treatment has caused severe neutropenia, defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 500/ÎĽL. Severe neutropenia can lead to serious infection and death. Prior to initiating treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, a baseline ANC must be at least 1500/ÎĽL for the general population; and must be at least 1000/ÎĽL for patients with documented Benign Ethnic Neutropenia (BEN). During treatment, patients must have regular ANC monitoring. Advise patients to immediately report symptoms consistent with severe neutropenia or infection (e.g., fever, weakness, lethargy, or sore throat) [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] .
Because of the risk of severe neutropenia, clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called the Clozapine REMS Program [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] .
Orthostatic Hypotension, Bradycardia, Syncope
Orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, syncope, and cardiac arrest have occurred with clozapine treatment. The risk is highest during the initial titration period, particularly with rapid dose escalation. These reactions can occur with the first dose, with doses as low as 12.5 mg per day, or when restarting patients who have had even a brief interruption in treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. Initiate treatment at 12.5 mg once or twice daily; titrate slowly; and use divided dosages to minimize risk. Use clozapine orally disintegrating tablets cautiously in patients with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease or conditions predisposing to hypotension (e.g., dehydration, use of antihypertensive medications) [see Dosage and Administration (2.3, 2.6), Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .
Seizures
Seizures have occurred with clozapine treatment. The risk is dose-related. Initiate treatment at 12.5 mg, titrate gradually, and use divided dosing. Use caution when administering clozapine orally disintegrating tablets to patients with a history of seizures or other predisposing risk factors for seizure (CNS pathology, medications that lower the seizure threshold, alcohol abuse). Caution patients about engaging in any activity where sudden loss of consciousness could cause serious risk to themselves or others [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)and Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] .
Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy
Fatal myocarditis and cardiomyopathy have occurred with clozapine treatment. Discontinue clozapine orally disintegrating tablets and obtain a cardiac evaluation upon suspicion of these reactions. Generally, patients with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets-related myocarditis or cardiomyopathy should not be rechallenged with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. Consider the possibility of myocarditis or cardiomyopathy if chest pain, tachycardia, palpitations, dyspnea, fever, flu-like symptoms, hypotension, or ECG changes occur [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)] .
Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are not approved for use in patients with dementia-related psychosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)] .
WARNING: SEVERE NEUTROPENIA; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION, BRADYCARDIA, AND SYNCOPE; SEIZURE; MYOCARDITIS AND CARDIOMYOPATHY; INCREASED MORTALITY IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA-RELATED PSYCHOSIS
See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.
- Severe Neutropenia: Clozapine can cause severe neutropenia, which can lead to serious and fatal infections. Patients initiating and continuing treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets must have a baseline blood absolute neutrophil count (ANC) measured before treatment initiation and regular ANC monitoring during treatment (
2.1 ,5.1 ).- Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are available only through a restricted program called the Clozapine REMS (
5.2 ).- Orthostatic Hypotension, Bradycardia, and Syncope: Risk is dose-related. Starting dose is 12.5 mg. Titrate gradually and use divided dosages (
2.3 ,2.6 ,5.3 ).- Seizure: Risk is dose-related. Titrate gradually and use divided doses. Use with caution in patients with history of seizure or risk factors for seizure (
2.3 ,5.5 ).- Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy: Can be fatal. Discontinue and obtain cardiac evaluation if findings suggest these cardiac reactions (
5.6 ).- Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis: Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are not approved for this condition (
5.7 ).
1 Indications And Usage
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are an atypical antipsychotic indicated for:
- Treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Efficacy was established in an active-controlled study (
1.1 ,14.1 ).- Reducing suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Efficacy was established in an active-controlled study (
1.2 ,14.2 ).1.1 Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are indicated for the treatment of severely ill patients with schizophrenia who fail to respond adequately to standard antipsychotic treatment. Because of the risks of severe neutropenia and of seizure associated with its use, clozapine orally disintegrating tablets should be used only in patients who have failed to respond adequately to standard antipsychotic treatment [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1, 5.5)] .
The effectiveness of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia was demonstrated in a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study comparing clozapine and chlorpromazine in patients who had failed other antipsychotics [see Clinical Studies (14.1)].
1.2 Reduction in the Risk of Recurrent Suicidal Behavior in Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are indicated for reducing the risk of recurrent suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who are judged to be at chronic risk for re-experiencing suicidal behavior, based on history and recent clinical state. Suicidal behavior refers to actions by a patient that put him/herself at risk for death.
The effectiveness of clozapine in reducing the risk of recurrent suicidal behavior was demonstrated over a two-year treatment period in the InterSePT™ trial [see Clinical Studies (14.2)] .
2 Dosage And Administration
- Starting Dose: 12.5 mg once daily or twice daily (
2.3 ).- Use cautious titration and divided dosage schedule (
2.3 ,5.3 ).- Titration: increase the total daily dosage in increments of 25 mg to 50 mg per day, if well-tolerated (
2.3 ).- Target Dose: 300 mg to 450 mg per day, in divided doses, by the end of 2 weeks (
2.3 ).- Subsequent Increases: increase in increments of 100 mg or less, once or twice weekly (
2.3 ).- Maximum Daily Dose: 900 mg (
2.3 ).- Tablets rapidly disintegrate after placement in the mouth and may be chewed if desired. No water is needed (
2.2 ).2.1 Required Laboratory Testing Prior to Initiation and During Therapy
Prior to initiating treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, a baseline ANC must be obtained. The baseline ANC must be at least 1500/ÎĽL for the general population, and at least 1000/ÎĽL for patients with documented Benign Ethnic Neutropenia (BEN). To continue treatment, the ANC must be monitored regularly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] .
2.2 Important Administration Instructions
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets should be immediately placed in the mouth after removing the tablet from the buler pack or bottle. The tablet disintegrates rapidly after placement in the mouth. The tablets can be allowed to disintegrate, or they may be chewed. They may be swallowed with saliva. No water is necessary for administration.
The orally disintegrating tablets in a buler pack should be left in the unopened buler until the time of use. Just prior to use, peel the foil from the buler and gently remove the orally disintegrating tablet. Do not push the tablets through the foil, because this could damage the tablet.
2.3 Dosing Information
The starting dose is 12.5 mg once daily or twice daily. The total daily dose can be increased in increments of 25 mg to 50 mg per day, if well-tolerated, to achieve a target dose of 300 mg to 450 mg per day (administered in divided doses) by the end of 2 weeks. Subsequently, the dose can be increased once weekly or twice weekly, in increments of up to 100 mg. The maximum dose is 900 mg per day. To minimize the risk of orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, and syncope, it is necessary to use this low starting dose, gradual titration schedule, and divided dosages [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets can be taken with or without food [see Pharmacokinetics (12.3)] .
2.4 Maintenance Treatment
Generally, patients responding to clozapine orally disintegrating tablets should continue maintenance treatment on their effective dose beyond the acute episode.
2.5 Discontinuation of Treatment
Method of treatment discontinuation will vary depending on the patient’s last ANC:
- See Tables 2 or 3 for appropriate ANC monitoring based on the level of neutropenia if abrupt treatment discontinuation is necessary because of moderate to severe neutropenia.
- Reduce the dose gradually over a period of 1 to 2 weeks if termination of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets therapy is planned and there is no evidence of moderate to severe neutropenia.
- For abrupt clozapine discontinuation for a reason unrelated to neutropenia, continuation of the existing ANC monitoring is recommended for general population patients until their ANC is ≥ 1500/μL and for BEN patients until their ANC is ≥ 1000/μL or above their baseline.
- Additional ANC monitoring is required for any patient reporting onset of fever (temperature of 38.5°C or 101.3°F, or greater) during the 2 weeks after discontinuation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] .
- Monitor all patients carefully for the recurrence of psychotic symptoms and symptoms related to cholinergic rebound such as profuse sweating, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
2.6 Re-Initiation of Treatment
When restarting clozapine orally disintegrating tablets in patients who have had even a brief interruption in treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, dosage must be reduced. This is necessary to minimize the risk of hypotension, bradycardia, and syncope [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] . If one day’s dosing has been missed, resume treatment at 40% to 50% of the established dose. If two days dosing has been missed, resume dosage at approximately 25% of the established dosage. For longer interruptions, re-initiate with a dosage of 12.5 mg once daily or twice daily. If these dosages are well tolerated, the dosage may be increased to the previous dosage more quickly than recommended for initial treatment.
2.7 Dosage Adjustments with Concomitant Use of CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 Inhibitors or CYP1A2, CYP3A4 Inducers
Dose adjustments may be necessary in patients with concomitant use of: strong CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g., fluvoxamine, ciprofloxacin, or enoxacin); moderate or weak CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g., oral contraceptives, or caffeine); CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., cimetidine, escitalopram, erythromycin, paroxetine, bupropion, fluoxetine, quinidine, duloxetine, terbinafine, or sertraline); CYP3A4 inducers (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, St. John’s wort, and rifampin); or CYP1A2 inducers (e.g., tobacco smoking) (Table 1) [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
Table 1: Dose Adjustment in Patients Taking Concomitant Medications
Co-medications
Scenarios
Initiating clozapine orally disintegrating tablets while taking a co-medication
Adding a co-medication while taking clozapine orally disintegrating tablets
Discontinuing a co-medication while continuing clozapine orally disintegrating tablets
Strong CYP1A2 Inhibitors
Use one-third of the clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose.
Increase clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose based on clinical response.
Moderate or Weak CYP1A2 Inhibitors
Monitor for adverse reactions. Consider reducing the clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose if necessary.
Monitor for lack of effectiveness. Consider increasing clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose if necessary.
CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 Inhibitors
Strong CYP3A4 Inducers
Concomitant use is not recommended. However, if the inducer is necessary, it may be necessary to increase the clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose. Monitor for decreased effectiveness.
Reduce clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose based on clinical response.
Moderate or Weak CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 Inducers
Monitor for decreased effectiveness. Consider increasing the clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose if necessary.
Monitor for adverse reactions. Consider reducing the clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose if necessary.
2.8 Renal or Hepatic Impairment or CYP2D6 Poor Metabolizers
It may be necessary to reduce the clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose in patients with significant renal or hepatic impairment, or in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6, 8.7)] .
3 Dosage Forms And Strengths
Clozapine Orally Disintegrating Tablets are available containing 25 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg or 200 mg of clozapine, USP.
- The 25 mg tablets are peach, round, unscored tablets debossed with Cover 25on one side of the tablet and blank on the other side.
- The 100 mg tablets are peach, round, unscored tablets debossed with Cover 100on one side of the tablet and blank on the other side.
- The 150 mg tablets are peach, round, unscored tablets debossed with C150on one side of the tablet and blank on the other side.
- The 200 mg tablets are peach, round, unscored tablets debossed with C200on one side of the tablet and blank on the other side.
Orally disintegrating tablets: 25 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg (3 ).
4 Contraindications
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are contraindicated in patients with a history of serious hypersensitivity to clozapine (e.g., photosensitivity, vasculitis, erythema multiforme, or Stevens-Johnson Syndrome) or any other component of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)] .
Known serious hypersensitivity to clozapine or any other component of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets (4 ).
5 Warnings And Precautions
- Gastrointestinal Hypomotility with Severe Complications:Â Severe gastrointestinal adverse reactions have occurred with the use of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. If constipation is identified, close monitoring and prompt treatment is advised (
5.8 ).- Eosinophilia:Assess for organ involvement (e.g., myocarditis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, colitis, nephritis). Discontinue if these occur (
5.9 ).- QT Interval Prolongation:Can be fatal. Consider additional risk factors for prolonged QT interval (disorders and drugs) (
5.10 ).- Metabolic Changes:Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been associated with metabolic changes that may increase cardiovascular/cerebrovascular risk. These metabolic changes include:
- Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus:Monitor for symptoms of hyperglycemia including polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weakness. Monitor glucose regularly in patients with diabetes or at risk for diabetes (
5.11 ).- Dyslipidemia:Undesirable alterations in lipids have occurred in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics (
5.11 ).- Weight Gain:Significant weight gain has occurred. Monitor weight gain (
5.11 ).- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS):Immediately discontinue and monitor closely. Assess for co-morbid conditions (
5.12 ).- Hepatotoxicity:Can be fatal. Monitor for hepatotoxicity. Discontinue treatment if hepatitis or transaminase elevations combined with other symptoms occur (
5.13 ).- Fever:Evaluate for infection and for neutropenia, NMS (
5.14 ).- Pulmonary Embolism (PE):Consider PE if respiratory distress, chest pain, or deep vein thrombosis occurs (
5.15 ).- Anticholinergic Toxicity:Â When possible, avoid use with other anticholinergic drugs and use with caution in patients with a current diagnosis or prior history of constipation, urinary retention, clinically significant prostatic hypertrophy, or other conditions in which anticholinergic effects can lead to significant adverse reactions (
5.16 ,7.1 ).- Interference with Cognitive and Motor Performance:Advise caution when operating machinery, including automobiles (
5.17 ).5.1 Severe Neutropenia
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets can cause neutropenia (a low absolute neutrophil count [ANC]), defined as a reduction below pre-treatment normal levels of blood neutrophils. The ANC is usually available as a component of the complete blood count (CBC), including differential, and is more relevant to drug-induced neutropenia than is the white blood cell (WBC) count. The ANC may also be calculated using the following formula: ANC equals the Total WBC count multiplied by the total percentage of neutrophils obtained from the differential (neutrophil “segs” plus neutrophil “bands”). Other granulocytes (basophils and eosinophils) contribute minimally to neutropenia and their measurement is not necessary [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)] . Neutropenia may be mild, moderate, or severe (see Tables 2 and 3). To improve and standardize understanding, “severe neutropenia” replaces the previous terms severe leukopenia, severe granulocytopenia, or agranulocytosis.
Severe neutropenia, ANC less than (<) 500/ÎĽL, occurs in a small percentage of patients taking clozapine orally disintegrating tablets and is associated with an increase in the risk of serious and potentially fatal infections. Risk of neutropenia appears greatest during the first 18 weeks on treatment and then declines. The mechanism by which clozapine orally disintegrating tablets cause neutropenia is unknown and is not dose-dependent.
Two separate management algorithms are provided below, the first for patients in the general population, and the second for patients identified to have baseline neutropenia.
Obtain a CBC, including the ANC value, prior to initiating treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets to ensure the presence of a normal baseline neutrophil count (equal to or greater than 1500/μL) and to permit later comparisons. Patients in the general population with an ANC equal to or greater than (≥) 1500/μL are considered within normal range (Table 2) and are eligible to initiate treatment. Weekly ANC monitoring is required for all patients during the first 6 months of treatment. If a patient’s ANC remains equal to or greater than 1500/μL for the first 6 months of treatment, monitoring frequency may be reduced to every 2 weeks for the next 6 months. If the ANC remains equal to or greater than 1500/μL for the second 6 months of continuous therapy, ANC monitoring frequency may be reduced to once every 4 weeks thereafter.
Table 2: Clozapine Orally Disintegrating Tablets Treatment Recommendations Based on Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) Monitoring for the General Patient Population ANC Level Clozapine Orally Disintegrating Tablets Treatment Recommendations ANC Monitoring
Normal range
(≥ 1500/μL)
- Initiate treatment
- If treatment interrupted:
- < 30 days, continue monitoring as before
- ≥ 30 days, monitor as if new patient
- Weekly from initiation to 6 months
- Every 2 weeks from 6 to 12 months
- Monthly after 12 months
- Discontinuation for reasons other than neutropenia
- See Section 2.5
Mild Neutropenia
(1000 to 1499/μL)Confirm all initial reports of ANC less than 1500/µL with a repeat ANC measurement within 24 hours
- Continue treatment
- Three times weekly until ANC ≥ 1500/μL
- Once ANC ≥ 1500/μL, return to patient’s last “Normal Range” ANC monitoring interval
If clinically appropriate
Moderate Neutropenia
(500 to 999/µL)
- Recommend hematology consultation
- Interrupt treatment for suspected clozapine-induced neutropenia
- Resume treatment once ANC ≥ 1000/µL
- Daily until ANC ≥ 1000/µL, then
- Three times weekly until ANC ≥ 1500/µL
- Once ANC ≥ 1500/µL, check ANC weekly for 4 weeks, then return to patient’s last “Normal Range” ANC monitoring interval
Severe Neutropenia
(less than 500/µL)
- Recommend hematology consultation
- Interrupt treatment for suspected clozapine-induced neutropenia
- Do not rechallenge unless prescriber determines benefits outweigh risks
- Daily until ANC ≥ 1000/µL, then
- Three times weekly until ANC ≥ 1500/µL
- If patient rechallenged, resume treatment as a new patient under “Normal Range” monitoring once ANC ≥ 1500/µL
Benign ethnic neutropenia (BEN) is a condition observed in certain ethnic groups whose average ANC values are lower than “standard” laboratory ranges for neutrophils. It is most commonly observed in individuals of African descent (approximate prevalence of 25-50%), some Middle Eastern ethnic groups, and in other non-Caucasian ethnic groups with darker skin. BEN is more common in men. Patients with BEN have normal hematopoietic stem-cell number and myeloid maturation, are healthy, and do not suffer from repeated or severe infections. They are not at increased risk for developing clozapine orally disintegrating tablets-induced neutropenia. Additional evaluation may be needed to determine if baseline neutropenia is due to BEN. Consider hematology consultation before initiating or during clozapine orally disintegrating tablets treatment as necessary.
Patients with BEN require a different ANC algorithm for clozapine orally disintegrating tablets management due to their lower baseline ANC levels. Table 3 provides guidelines for managing clozapine orally disintegrating tablets treatment and ANC monitoring in patients with BEN.
Table 3: Patients with Benign Ethnic Neutropenia (BEN); Clozapine Orally Disintegrating Tablets Treatment Recommendations Based on Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) Monitoring
ANC Level
- Treatment Recommendations
- ANC Monitoring
Normal BEN Range
(Established ANC baseline ≥ 1000/µL)
- Obtain at least two baseline ANC levels before initiating treatment
- If treatment interrupted:
- < 30 days, continue monitoring as before
- ≥ 30 days, monitor as if new patient
- Weekly from initiation to 6 months
- Every 2 weeks from 6 to 12 months
- Monthly after 12 months
- Discontinuation of treatment for reasons other than neutropenia
- See Section 2.5
BEN
Neutropenia
(500 to 999/µL)Confirm all initial reports of ANC less than 1500/µL with a repeat ANC measurement within 24 hours
- Recommend hematology consultation
- Continue treatment
- Three times weekly until ANC ≥1000/µL or ≥patient’s known baseline
- Once ANC ≥ 1000/µL or at patient’s known baseline, check ANC weekly for 4 weeks, then return to patient’s last “Normal BEN Range” ANC monitoring interval
If clinically appropriate
BEN
Severe Neutropenia
(less than 500/µL)
- Recommend hematology consultation
- Interrupt treatment for suspected clozapine-induced neutropenia
- Do not rechallenge unless prescriber determines benefits outweigh risks
- Daily until ANC ≥ 500/µL, then
- Three times weekly until ANC ≥ patient’s baseline
- If patient rechallenged, resume treatment as a new patient under “Normal Range” monitoring once ANC ≥ 1000/µL or at patient’s baseline
- Fever: Interrupt clozapine orally disintegrating tablets as a precautionary measure in any patient who develops fever, defined as a temperature of 38.5°C [101.3°F] or greater, and obtain an ANC level. Fever is often the first sign of neutropenic infection.
- ANC less than 1000/µL: If fever occurs in any patient with an ANC less than 1000/µL, initiate appropriate workup and treatment for infection and refer to Tables 2 or 3 for management.
- Consider hematology consultation.
- See Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) and Fever under WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5)and Instructions for Patients, under PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION (17).
For some patients who experience severe clozapine orally disintegrating tablets-related neutropenia, the risk of serious psychiatric illness from discontinuing clozapine orally disintegrating tablets treatment may be greater than the risk of rechallenge (e.g., patients with severe schizophrenic illness who have no treatment options other than clozapine orally disintegrating tablets). A hematology consultation may be useful in deciding to rechallenge a patient. In general, however, do not rechallenge patients who develop severe neutropenia with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets or a clozapine product.
If a patient will be rechallenged, the clinician should consider thresholds provided in Tables 2 and 3, the patient’s medical and psychiatric history, a discussion with the patient and his/her caregiver about the benefits and risks of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets rechallenge, and the severity and characteristics of the neutropenic episode.
It is unclear if concurrent use of other drugs known to cause neutropenia increases the risk or severity of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets-induced neutropenia. There is no strong scientific rationale to avoid clozapine orally disintegrating tablets treatment in patients concurrently treated with these drugs. If clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are used concurrently with an agent known to cause neutropenia (e.g., some chemotherapeutic agents), consider monitoring patients more closely than the treatment guidelines provided in Tables 2 and 3. Consult with the treating oncologist in patients receiving concomitant chemotherapy.
5.2 Clozapine REMS Program
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are only available through a restricted program under a REMS called the Clozapine REMS Program because of the risk of severe neutropenia.
Notable requirements of the Clozapine REMS Program include:
- Healthcare professionals who prescribe clozapine orally disintegrating tablets must be certified with the program by enrolling and completing training.
- Patients who receive clozapine orally disintegrating tablets must be enrolled in the program and comply with the ANC testing and monitoring requirements.
- Pharmacies dispensing clozapine orally disintegrating tablets must be certified with the program by enrolling and completing training and must only dispense to patients who are eligible to receive clozapine orally disintegrating tablets.
Further information is available at www.clozapinerems.com or 1-844-267-8678.
5.3 Orthostatic Hypotension, Bradycardia, and Syncope
Hypotension, bradycardia, syncope, and cardiac arrest have occurred with clozapine treatment. The risk is highest during the initial titration period, particularly with rapid dose-escalation. These reactions can occur with the first dose, at doses as low as 12.5 mg.
These reactions can be fatal. The syndrome is consistent with neurally mediated reflex bradycardia (NMRB).
Treatment must begin at a maximum dose of 12.5 mg once daily or twice daily. The total daily dose can be increased in increments of 25 mg to 50 mg per day, if well-tolerated, to a target dose of 300 mg to 450 mg per day (administered in divided doses) by the end of 2 weeks. Subsequently, the dose can be increased weekly or twice weekly, in increments of up to 100 mg. The maximum dose is 900 mg per day. Use cautious titration and a divided dosage schedule to minimize the risk of serious cardiovascular reactions [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)] . Consider reducing the dose if hypotension occurs. When restarting clozapine orally disintegrating tablets in patients who have had even a brief interruption in treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, the dosage must be reduced. This is necessary to minimize the risk of hypotension, bradycardia, and syncope [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)] .
Use clozapine orally disintegrating tablets cautiously in patients with cardiovascular disease (history of myocardial infarction or ischemia, heart failure, or conduction abnormalities), cerebrovascular disease, and conditions which would predispose patients to hypotension (e.g., concomitant use of antihypertensives, dehydration and hypovolemia).
5.4 Falls
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets may cause somnolence, postural hypotension, and motor and sensory instability, which may lead to falls and, consequently, fractures or other injuries. For patients with diseases, conditions, or medications that could exacerbate these effects, complete fall risk assessments when initiating antipsychotic treatment and recurrently for patients on long-term antipsychotic treatment.
5.5 Seizures
Seizure has been estimated to occur in association with clozapine use at a cumulative incidence at one year of approximately 5%, based on the occurrence of one or more seizures in 61 of 1743 patients exposed to clozapine during its clinical testing prior to domestic marketing (i.e., a crude rate of 3.5%). The risk of seizure is dose-related. Initiate treatment with a low dose (12.5 mg), titrate slowly, and use divided dosing.
Use caution when administering clozapine orally disintegrating tablets to patients with a history of seizures or other predisposing risk factors for seizure (e.g., head trauma or other CNS pathology, use of medications that lower the seizure threshold, or alcohol abuse). Because of the substantial risk of seizure associated with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets use, caution patients about engaging in any activity where sudden loss of consciousness could cause serious risk to themselves or others (e.g., driving an automobile, operating complex machinery, swimming, climbing).
5.6 Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy
Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy have occurred with the use of clozapine. These reactions can be fatal. Discontinue clozapine orally disintegrating tablets and obtain a cardiac evaluation upon suspicion of myocarditis or cardiomyopathy. Generally, patients with a history of clozapine-associated myocarditis or cardiomyopathy should not be rechallenged with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. However, if the benefit of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets treatment is judged to outweigh the potential risks of recurrent myocarditis or cardiomyopathy, the clinician may consider rechallenge with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets in consultation with a cardiologist, after a complete cardiac evaluation, and under close monitoring.
Consider the possibility of myocarditis or cardiomyopathy in patients receiving clozapine orally disintegrating tablets who present with chest pain, dyspnea, persistent tachycardia at rest, palpitations, fever, flu-like symptoms, hypotension, other signs or symptoms of heart failure, or electrocardiographic findings (low voltages, ST-T abnormalities, arrhythmias, right axis deviation, and poor R wave progression). Myocarditis most frequently presents within the first two months of clozapine treatment. Symptoms of cardiomyopathy generally occur later than clozapine-associated myocarditis and usually after 8 weeks of treatment. However, myocarditis and cardiomyopathy can occur at any period during treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. It is common for nonspecific flu-like symptoms such as malaise, myalgia, pleuritic chest pain, and low-grade fevers to precede more overt signs of heart failure. Typical laboratory findings include elevated troponin I or T, elevated creatinine kinase-MB, peripheral eosinophilia, and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). Chest roentgenogram may demonstrate cardiac silhouette enlargement, and cardiac imaging (echocardiogram, radionucleotide studies, or cardiac catheterization) may reveal evidence of left ventricular dysfunction.
5.7 Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. Analyses of 17 placebo-controlled trials (modal duration of 10 weeks), largely in patients taking atypical antipsychotic drugs, revealed a risk of death in drug-treated patients of between 1.6 to 1.7 times the risk of death in placebo-treated patients. Over the course of a typical 10-week controlled trial, the rate of death in drug-treated patients was about 4.5%, compared to a rate of about 2.6% in the placebo group. Although the causes of death were varied, most of the deaths appeared to be either cardiovascular (e.g., heart failure, sudden death) or infectious (e.g., pneumonia) in nature. Observational studies suggest that, similar to atypical antipsychotic drugs, treatment with conventional antipsychotic drugs may increase mortality in this population. The extent to which the findings of increased mortality in observational studies may be attributed to the antipsychotic drug as opposed to some characteristic(s) of the patients is not clear. Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis [see Boxed Warning] .
5.8 Gastrointestinal Hypomotility with Severe Complications
Severe gastrointestinal adverse reactions have occurred with the use of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, primarily due to its potent anticholinergic effects and resulting gastrointestinal hypomotility. In post marketing experience, reported effects range from constipation to paralytic ileus. Increased frequency of constipation and delayed diagnosis and treatment increased the risk of severe complications of gastrointestinal hypomotility, which can result in fecal impaction, megacolon, and intestinal obstruction, ischemia, infarction, perforation, ulceration, or necrosis [see Adverse Reaction (6.2)] . These reactions have resulted in hospitalization, surgery, and death. The risk for severe adverse reactions is further increased with anticholinergic medications (and other medications that decrease gastrointestinal peristalsis); therefore, concomitant use should be avoided when possible [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)and Drug Interactions (7.1)] .
Prior to initiating clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, screen for constipation and treat as necessary. Subjective symptoms of constipation may not accurately reflect the degree of gastrointestinal hypomotility in clozapine orally disintegrating tablets treated patients. Therefore, reassess bowel function frequently with careful attention to any changes in the frequency or character of bowel movements, as well as signs and symptoms of complications of hypomotility (e.g., nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, abdominal pain). If constipation or gastrointestinal hypomotility are identified, monitor closely and treat promptly with appropriate laxatives, as necessary, to prevent severe complications. Consider prophylactic laxatives in high risk patients.
5.9 Eosinophilia
Eosinophilia, defined as a blood eosinophil count of greater than 700/ÎĽL, has occurred with clozapine treatment. In clinical trials, approximately 1% of patients developed eosinophilia. Clozapine-related eosinophilia usually occurs during the first month of treatment. In some patients, it has been associated with myocarditis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, colitis, and nephritis. Such organ involvement could be consistent with a drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome (DRESS), also known as drug induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS). If eosinophilia develops during clozapine orally disintegrating tablets treatment, evaluate promptly for signs and symptoms of systemic reactions, such as rash or other allergic symptoms, myocarditis, or other organ-specific disease associated with eosinophilia. If clozapine-related systemic disease is suspected, discontinue clozapine orally disintegrating tablets immediately.
If a cause of eosinophilia unrelated to clozapine is identified (e.g., asthma, allergies, collagen vascular disease, parasitic infections, and specific neoplasms), treat the underlying cause and continue clozapine orally disintegrating tablets.
Clozapine-related eosinophilia has also occurred in the absence of organ involvement and can resolve without intervention. There are reports of successful rechallenge after discontinuation of clozapine, without recurrence of eosinophilia. In the absence of organ involvement, continue clozapine orally disintegrating tablets under careful monitoring. If the total eosinophil count continues to increase over several weeks in the absence of systemic disease, the decision to interrupt clozapine orally disintegrating tablets therapy and rechallenge after the eosinophil count decreases should be based on the overall clinical assessment, in consultation with an internist or hematologist.
5.10 QT Interval Prolongation
QT prolongation, Torsades de Pointes and other life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and sudden death have occurred with clozapine treatment. When prescribing clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, consider the presence of additional risk factors for QT prolongation and serious cardiovascular reactions. Conditions that increase these risks include the following: history of QT prolongation, long QT syndrome, family history of long QT syndrome or sudden cardiac death, significant cardiac arrhythmia, recent myocardial infarction, uncompensated heart failure, treatment with other medications that cause QT prolongation, treatment with medications that inhibit the metabolism of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, and electrolyte abnormalities.
Prior to initiating treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, perform a careful physical examination, medical history, and concomitant medication history. Consider obtaining a baseline ECG and serum chemistry panel. Correct electrolyte abnormalities. Discontinue clozapine orally disintegrating tablets if the QTc interval exceeds 500 msec. If patients experience symptoms consistent with Torsades de Pointes or other arrhythmias (e.g., syncope, presyncope, dizziness, or palpitations), obtain a cardiac evaluation and discontinue clozapine orally disintegrating tablets.
Use caution when administering concomitant medications that prolong the QT interval or inhibit the metabolism of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. Drugs that cause QT prolongation include: specific antipsychotics (e.g., ziprasidone, iloperidone, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, mesoridazine, droperidol, pimozide), specific antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin), Class 1A antiarrhythmic medications (e.g., quinidine, procainamide) or Class III antiarrhythmics (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol), and others (e.g., pentamidine, levomethadyl acetate, methadone, halofantrine, mefloquine, dolasetron mesylate, probucol or tacrolimus). Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are primarily metabolized by CYP isoenzymes 1A2, 2D6, and 3A4. Concomitant treatment with inhibitors of these enzymes can increase the concentration of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets [see Drug Interactions (7.1)and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .
Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia increase the risk of QT prolongation. Hypokalemia can result from diuretic therapy, diarrhea, and other causes. Use caution when treating patients at risk for significant electrolyte disturbance, particularly hypokalemia. Obtain baseline measurements of serum potassium and magnesium levels, and periodically monitor electrolytes. Correct electrolyte abnormalities before initiating treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets.
5.11 Metabolic Changes
Atypical antipsychotic drugs, including clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, have been associated with metabolic changes that can increase cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk. These metabolic changes include hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and body weight gain. While atypical antipsychotic drugs may produce some metabolic changes, each drug in the class has its own specific risk profile.
Hyperglycemia, in some cases extreme and associated with ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar coma or death, has been reported in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics including clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. Assessment of the relationship between atypical antipsychotic use and glucose abnormalities is complicated by the possibility of an increased background risk of diabetes mellitus in patients with schizophrenia and the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus in the general population. Given these confounders, the relationship between atypical antipsychotic use and hyperglycemia-related adverse reactions is not completely understood. However, epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of treatment-emergent, hyperglycemia-related adverse reactions in patients treated with the atypical antipsychotics. Precise risk estimates for hyperglycemia-related adverse reactions in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics are not available.
Patients with an established diagnosis of diabetes mellitus who are started on clozapine orally disintegrating tablets should be monitored regularly for worsening of glucose control. Patients with risk factors for diabetes mellitus (e.g., obesity, family history of diabetes) who are starting treatment with atypical antipsychotics should undergo fasting blood glucose testing at the beginning of treatment and periodically during treatment. Any patient treated with atypical antipsychotics should be monitored for symptoms of hyperglycemia including polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weakness. Patients who develop symptoms of hyperglycemia during treatment with atypical antipsychotics should undergo fasting blood glucose testing. In some cases, hyperglycemia has resolved when the atypical antipsychotic was discontinued; however, some patients required continuation of anti-diabetic treatment despite discontinuation of the suspect drug.
In a pooled data analysis of 8 studies in adult subjects with schizophrenia, the mean changes in fasting glucose concentration in the clozapine and chlorpromazine groups were +11 mg/dL and +4 mg/dL, respectively. A higher proportion of the clozapine group demonstrated categorical increases from baseline in fasting glucose concentrations, compared to the chlorpromazine group (Table 4). The clozapine doses were 100-900 mg per day (mean modal dose: 512 mg per day). The maximum chlorpromazine dose was 1800 mg per day (mean modal dose: 1029 mg per day). The median duration of exposure was 42 days for clozapine and chlorpromazine.
Table 4: Categorical Changes in Fasting Glucose Level in Studies in Adult Subjects with Schizophrenia
Laboratory Parameter
Category Change
(at least once) from Baseline
Treatment Arm
N
n (%)
Fasting Glucose
Normal (< 100 mg/dL) to High (≥ 126 mg/dL)
Clozapine
198
53 (27)
Chlorpromazine
135
14 (10)
Borderline
(100 to 125 mg/dL) to High (≥ 126 mg/dL)
Clozapine
57
24 (42)
Chlorpromazine
43
12 (28)
Undesirable alterations in lipids have occurred in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics, including clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. Clinical monitoring, including baseline and periodic follow-up lipid evaluations in patients using clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, is recommended.
In a pooled data analysis of 10 studies in adult subjects with schizophrenia, clozapine treatment was associated with increases in serum total cholesterol. No data were collected on LDL and HDL cholesterol. The mean increase in total cholesterol was 13 mg/dL in the clozapine group and 15 mg/dL in the chlorpromazine group. In a pooled data analysis of 2 studies in adult subjects with schizophrenia, clozapine treatment was associated with increases in fasting serum triglyceride. The mean increase in fasting triglyceride was 71 mg/dL (54%) in the clozapine group and 39 mg/dL (35%) in the chlorpromazine group (Table 5). In addition, clozapine treatment was associated with categorical increases in serum total cholesterol and triglyceride, as illustrated in Table 6. The proportion of patients with categorical increases in total cholesterol or fasting triglyceride increased with the duration of exposure. The median duration of clozapine and chlorpromazine exposure was 45 days and 38 days, respectively. The clozapine dose range was 100 mg to 900 mg daily; the maximum chlorpromazine dose was 1800 mg daily.
Table 5: Mean Changes in Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride Concentration in Studies in Adult Subjects with Schizophrenia
Treatment Arm
Baseline Total Cholesterol Concentration (mg/dL)
Change from Baseline mg/dL (%)
Clozapine (N = 334)
184
+13 (7)
Chlorpromazine (N = 185)
182
+15 (8)
Baseline Triglyceride Concentration (mg/dL)
Change from Baseline mg/dL (%)
Clozapine (N = 6)
130
+71 (54)
Chlorpromazine (N = 7)
110
+39 (35)
Table 6: Categorical Changes in Lipid Concentrations in Studies in Adult Subjects with Schizophrenia
Laboratory Parameter
Category Change (at least once) from Baseline
Treatment Arm
N
n (%)
Total Cholesterol (random or fasting)
Increase by ≥ 40 mg/dL
Clozapine
334
111 (33)
Chlorpromazine
185
46 (25)
Normal (< 200 mg/dL) to High (≥ 240 mg/dL)
Clozapine
222
18 (8)
Chlorpromazine
132
3 (2)
Borderline (200 - 239 mg/dL) to High (≥ 240 mg/dL)
Clozapine
79
30 (38)
Chlorpromazine
34
14 (41)
Triglycerides (fasting)
Increase by ≥ 50 mg/dL
Clozapine
6
3 (50)
Chlorpromazine
7
3 (43)
Normal (< 150 mg/dL) to High (≥ 200 mg/dL)
Clozapine
4
0 (0)
Chlorpromazine
6
2 (33)
Borderline (≥ 150 mg/dL and < 200 mg/dL) to High (≥ 200 mg/dL)
Clozapine
1
1 (100)
Chlorpromazine
1
0 (0)
Weight gain has occurred with the use of antipsychotics, including clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. Monitor weight during treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. Table 7 summarizes the data on weight gain by the duration of exposure pooled from 11 studies with clozapine and active comparators. The median duration of exposure was 609, 728, and 42 days, in the clozapine, olanzapine, and chlorpromazine group, respectively.
Table 7: Mean Change in Body Weight (kg) by Duration of Exposure from Studies in Adult Subjects with Schizophrenia
Metabolic Parameter
Exposure Duration
Clozapine
(N = 669)
Olanzapine
(N = 442)
Chlorpromazine
(N = 155)
n
Mean
n
Mean
n
Mean
Weight change from baseline
2 weeks (Day 11 – 17)
6
+0.9
3
+0.7
2
-0.5
4 weeks (Day 21 – 35)
23
+0.7
8
+0.8
17
+0.6
8 weeks (Day 49 – 63)
12
+1.9
13
+1.8
16
+0.9
12 weeks (Day 70 – 98)
17
+2.8
5
+3.1
0
0
24 weeks (Day 154 – 182)
42
-0.6
12
+5.7
0
0
48 weeks (Day 322 – 350)
3
+3.7
3
+13.7
0
0
Table 8 summarizes pooled data from 11 studies in adult subjects with schizophrenia demonstrating weight gain ≥ 7% of body weight relative to baseline. The median duration of exposure was 609, 728, and 42 days, in the clozapine, olanzapine, and chlorpromazine group, respectively.
Table 8: Proportion of Adult Subjects in Schizophrenia Studies with Weight Gain ≥ 7% Relative to Baseline Body Weight
Weight Change
Clozapine
Olanzapine
Chlorpromazine
N
669
442
155
≥ 7% (inclusive)
236 (35%)
203 (46%)
13 (8%)
5.12 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Antipsychotic drugs including clozapine orally disintegrating tablets can cause a potentially fatal symptom complex referred to as Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS). Clinical manifestations of NMS include hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and cardiac dysrhythmias). Associated findings can include elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK), myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure.
The diagnostic evaluation of patients with this syndrome is complicated. It is important to consider the presence of other serious medical conditions (e.g., severe neutropenia, infection, heat stroke, primary CNS pathology, central anticholinergic toxicity, extrapyramidal symptoms, and drug fever).
The management of NMS should include (1) immediate discontinuation of antipsychotic drugs and other drugs not essential to concurrent therapy, (2) intensive symptomatic treatment and medical monitoring, and (3) treatment of co-morbid medical conditions. There is no general agreement about specific pharmacological treatments for NMS.
If a patient requires antipsychotic drug treatment after recovery from NMS, the potential reintroduction of drug therapy should be carefully considered. NMS can recur. Monitor closely if restarting treatment with antipsychotics.
NMS has occurred with clozapine monotherapy and with concomitant CNS-active medications, including lithium.
5.13 Hepatotoxicity
Severe, life threatening, and in some cases fatal hepatotoxicity including hepatic failure, hepatic necrosis, and hepatitis have been reported in patients treated with clozapine [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)] . Monitor for the appearance of signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity such as fatigue, malaise, anorexia, nausea, jaundice, bilirubinemia, coagulopathy, and hepatic encephalopathy. Perform serum tests for liver injury and consider permanently discontinuing treatment if hepatitis or transaminase elevations combined with other systemic symptoms are due to clozapine.
5.14 Fever
During clozapine therapy, patients have experienced transient, clozapine-related fever. The peak incidence is within the first 3 weeks of treatment. While this fever is generally benign and self-limited, it may necessitate discontinuing treatment. The fever can be associated with an increase or decrease in WBC count. Carefully evaluate patients with fever to rule out severe neutropenia or infection. Consider the possibility of NMS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)] .
5.15 Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis have occurred in patients treated with clozapine. Consider the possibility of pulmonary embolism in patients who present with deep vein thrombosis, acute dyspnea, chest pain, or with other respiratory signs and symptoms. Whether pulmonary embolus and deep vein thrombosis can be attributed to clozapine or some characteristic(s) of patients is not clear.
5.16 Anticholinergic Toxicity
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets have potent anticholinergic effects. Treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets can result in CNS and peripheral anticholinergic toxicity, especially at higher dosages, or in overdose situations [see Overdosage (10)] . Use with caution in patients with a current diagnosis or prior history of constipation, urinary retention, clinically significant prostatic hypertrophy, or other conditions in which anticholinergic effects can lead to significant adverse reactions. When possible, avoid concomitant use with other anticholinergic medications because the risk for anticholinergic toxicity or severe gastrointestinal adverse reactions is increased [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)and Drug Interactions (7.1) ].
5.17 Interference with Cognitive and Motor Performance
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets can cause sedation and impairment of cognitive and motor performance. Caution patients about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles, until they are reasonably certain that clozapine orally disintegrating tablets do not affect them adversely. These reactions may be dose-related. Consider reducing the dose if they occur.
5.18 Tardive Dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) has occurred in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs, including clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. The syndrome consists of potentially irreversible, involuntary, dyskinetic movements. The risk of TD and the likelihood that it will become irreversible are believed to increase with greater durations of treatment and higher total cumulative doses. However, the syndrome can develop after relatively brief treatment periods at low doses. Prescribe clozapine orally disintegrating tablets in a manner that is most likely to minimize the risk of developing TD. Use the lowest effective dose and the shortest duration necessary to control symptoms. Periodically assess the need for continued treatment. Consider discontinuing treatment if TD occurs. However, some patients may require treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets despite the presence of the syndrome.
There is no known treatment for TD. However, the syndrome may remit partially or completely if treatment is discontinued. Antipsychotic treatment, itself, may suppress (or partially suppress) the signs and symptoms, and it has the potential to mask the underlying process. The effect of symptom suppression on the long-term course of TD is unknown.
5.19 Patients with Phenylketonuria
Phenylketonuric patients should be informed that clozapine orally disintegrating tablets contain phenylalanine (a component of aspartame). Each 25 mg, orally disintegrating tablet contains 1.90 mg phenylalanine. Each 100 mg, orally disintegrating tablet contains 7.59 mg phenylalanine. Each 150 mg, orally disintegrating tablet contains 11.38 mg phenylalanine. Each 200 mg, orally disintegrating tablet contains 15.18 mg phenylalanine.
5.20 Cerebrovascular Adverse Reactions
In controlled trials, elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with some atypical antipsychotics had an increased risk (compared to placebo) of cerebrovascular adverse reactions (e.g., stroke, transient ischemic attack), including fatalities. The mechanism for this increased risk is not known. An increased risk cannot be excluded for clozapine orally disintegrating tablets or other antipsychotics or other patient populations. Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets should be used with caution in patients with risk factors for cerebrovascular adverse reactions.
5.21 Recurrence of Psychosis and Cholinergic Rebound After Abrupt Discontinuation of Clozapine Orally Disintegrating Tablets
If abrupt discontinuation of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets is necessary (because of severe neutropenia or another medical condition, for example) [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] , monitor carefully for the recurrence of psychotic symptoms and adverse reactions related to cholinergic rebound, such as profuse sweating, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
6 Adverse Reactions
The following adverse reactions are discussed in more detail in other sections of the labeling:
- Severe Neutropenia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
- Orthostatic Hypotension, Bradycardia, and Syncope [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
- Falls [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
- Seizures [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
- Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
- Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)]
- Gastrointestinal Hypomotility with Severe Complications [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]
- Eosinophilia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)]
- QT Interval Prolongation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)]
- Metabolic Changes (Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemia, and Weight Gain) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)]
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)]
- Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)]
- Fever [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14)]
- Pulmonary Embolism [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15)]
- Anticholinergic Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)]
- Interference with Cognitive and Motor Performance [see Warnings and Precautions (5.17)]
- Tardive Dyskinesia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.18)]
- Patients with Phenylketonuria [see Warnings and Precautions (5.19)]
- Cerebrovascular Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.20)]
- Recurrence of Psychosis and Cholinergic Rebound after Abrupt Discontinuation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.21)]
Most common adverse reactions (≥ 5%) were: CNS reactions (sedation, dizziness/vertigo, headache, and tremor); cardiovascular reactions (tachycardia, hypotension, and syncope); autonomic nervous system reactions (hypersalivation, sweating, dry mouth, and visual disturbances); gastrointestinal reactions (constipation and nausea); and fever (6.1 ).
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To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Mylan at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 orwww.fda.gov/medwatch.
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
The most commonly reported adverse reactions (≥ 5%) across clozapine clinical trials were: CNS reactions, including sedation, dizziness/vertigo, headache, and tremor; cardiovascular reactions, including tachycardia, hypotension, and syncope; autonomic nervous system reactions, including hypersalivation, sweating, dry mouth, and visual disturbances; gastrointestinal reactions, including constipation and nausea; and fever. Table 9 summarizes the most commonly reported adverse reactions (≥ 5%) in clozapine-treated patients (compared to chlorpromazine-treated patients) in the pivotal, 6-week, controlled trial in treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
Table 9: Common Adverse Reactions (≥ 5%) in the 6-Week, Randomized, Chlorpromazine-Controlled Trial in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Adverse Reaction
Clozapine
(N = 126)
(%)
Chlorpromazine
(N = 142)
(%)
Sedation
21
13
Tachycardia
17
11
Constipation
16
12
Dizziness
14
16
Hypotension
13
38
Fever (hyperthermia)
13
4
Hypersalivation
13
1
Hypertension
12
5
Headache
10
10
Nausea/vomiting
10
12
Dry mouth
5
20
Table 10 summarizes the adverse reactions reported in clozapine-treated patients at a frequency of 2% or greater across all clozapine studies (excluding the 2-year InterSePT™ Study). These rates are not adjusted for duration of exposure.
Table 10: Adverse Reactions (≥ 2%) Reported in Clozapine-Treated Patients (N = 842) Across All Clozapine Studies (Excluding the 2-Year InterSePT™ Study)
Body System
Adverse Reactions
Clozapine
N = 842
Percentage of Patients
Central Nervous System
     Drowsiness/Sedation
39
     Dizziness/Vertigo
19
     Headache
7
     Tremor
6
     Syncope
6
     Disturbed Sleep/Nightmares
4
     Restlessness
4
     Hypokinesia/Akinesia
4
     Agitation
4
     Seizures (convulsions)
3Rate based on population of approximately 1700 exposed during premarket clinical evaluation of clozapine.
     Rigidity
3
     Akathisia
3
     Confusion
3
     Fatigue
2
     Insomnia
2
Cardiovascular
     Tachycardia
25
     Hypotension
9
     Hypertension
4
Gastrointestinal
     Constipation
14
     Nausea
5
     Abdominal Discomfort/Heartburn
4
     Nausea/Vomiting
3
     Vomiting
3
     Diarrhea
2
Urogenital
     Urinary Abnormalities
2
Autonomic Nervous System
     Salivation
31
     Sweating
6
     Dry Mouth
6
     Visual Disturbances
5
Skin
     Rash
2
Hemic/Lymphatic
     Leukopenia/Decreased WBC/Neutropenia
3
Miscellaneous
     Fever
5
     Weight Gain
4
Table 11 summarizes the most commonly reported adverse reactions (≥ 10% of the clozapine or olanzapine group) in the InterSePT™ Study. This was an adequate and well-controlled, two-year study evaluating the efficacy of clozapine relative to olanzapine in reducing the risk of suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The rates are not adjusted for duration of exposure.
Table 11: Incidence of Adverse Reactions in Patients Treated with Clozapine or Olanzapine in the InterSePT™ Study (≥ 10% in the Clozapine or Olanzapine Group)
Adverse Reactions
Clozapine
N = 479
% Reporting
Olanzapine
N = 477
% Reporting
Salivary hypersecretion
48%
6%
Somnolence
46%
25%
Weight increased
31%
56%
Dizziness (excluding vertigo)
27%
12%
Constipation
25%
10%
Insomnia
20%
33%
Nausea
17%
10%
Vomiting
17%
9%
Dyspepsia
14%
8%
Symptoms of dystonia, prolonged abnormal contractions of muscle groups, may occur in susceptible individuals during the first few days of treatment. Dystonic symptoms include: spasm of the neck muscles, sometimes progressing to tightness of the throat, swallowing difficulty, difficulty breathing, and/or protrusion of the tongue. While these symptoms can occur at low doses, they occur more frequently and with greater severity with high potency and at higher doses of first generation antipsychotic drugs. An elevated risk of acute dystonia is observed in males and younger age groups.
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of clozapine. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Central Nervous System: Delirium, EEG abnormal, myoclonus, paresthesia, possible cataplexy, status epilepticus, obsessive compulsive symptoms, and post-discontinuation cholinergic rebound adverse reactions.
Cardiovascular System: Atrial or ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, QT interval prolongation, Torsades de Pointes, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and periorbital edema.
Endocrine System: Pseudopheochromocytoma.
Gastrointestinal System: Acute pancreatitis, dysphagia, salivary gland swelling, megacolon, and intestinal ischemia, infarction, perforation, ulceration or necrosis.
Hepatobiliary System: Cholestasis, hepatitis, jaundice, hepatotoxicity, hepatic steatosis, hepatic necrosis, hepatic fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, liver injury (hepatic, cholestatic, and mixed), and liver failure.
Immune System Disorders: Angioedema, leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
Urogenital System: Acute interstitial nephritis, nocturnal enuresis, priapism, and renal failure.
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Hypersensitivity reactions: photosensitivity, vasculitis, erythema multiforme, skin pigmentation disorder, and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.
Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue Disorders: Myasthenic syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Respiratory System: Aspiration, pleural effusion, pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infection.
Hemic and Lymphatic System: Mild, moderate, or severe leukopenia, agranulocytosis, granulocytopenia, WBC decreased, deep vein thrombosis, elevated hemoglobin/hematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increased, sepsis, thrombocytosis, and thrombocytopenia.
Vision Disorders: Narrow-angle glaucoma.
Miscellaneous: Creatine phosphokinase elevation, hyperuricemia, hyponatremia, and weight loss.
7 Drug Interactions
- Concomitant use of Strong CYP1A2 Inhibitors:Reduce clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose to one-third when coadministered with strong CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g., fluvoxamine, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin) (
2.7 ,7.1 ).- Concomitant use of Strong CYP3A4 Inducersis not recommended (
2.7 ,7.1 ).- Discontinuation of CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 Inducers:Consider reducing clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose when CYP1A2 (e.g., tobacco smoke) or CYP3A4 inducers (e.g., carbamazepine) are discontinued (
2.7 ,7.1 ).- Anticholinergic drugs: Concomitant use may increase the risk for anticholinergic toxicity (
5.8 ,5.16 ,7.1 ).7.1 Potential for Other Drugs to Affect Clozapine Orally Disintegrating Tablets
Clozapine is a substrate for many cytochrome P450 isozymes, in particular CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6. Use caution when administering clozapine orally disintegrating tablets concomitantly with drugs that are inducers or inhibitors of these enzymes.
Concomitant use of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets and CYP1A2 inhibitors can increase plasma levels of clozapine, potentially resulting in adverse reactions. Reduce the clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose to one-third of the original dose when clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are coadministered with strong CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g., fluvoxamine, ciprofloxacin, or enoxacin). The clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose should be increased to the original dose when coadministration of strong CYP1A2 inhibitors is discontinued [see Dosage and Administration (2.7)and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .
Moderate or weak CYP1A2 inhibitors include oral contraceptives and caffeine. Monitor patients closely when clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are coadministered with these inhibitors. Consider reducing the clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dosage if necessary [see Dosage and Administration (2.7)] .
Concomitant treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets and CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., cimetidine, escitalopram, erythromycin, paroxetine, bupropion, fluoxetine, quinidine, duloxetine, terbinafine, or sertraline) can increase clozapine levels and lead to adverse reactions [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] . Use caution and monitor patients closely when using such inhibitors. Consider reducing the clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.7)] .
Concomitant treatment with drugs that induce CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 can decrease the plasma concentration of clozapine, resulting in decreased effectiveness of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. Tobacco smoke is a moderate inducer of CYP1A2. Strong CYP3A4 inducers include carbamazepine, phenytoin, St. John’s wort, and rifampin. It may be necessary to increase the clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dose if used concomitantly with inducers of these enzymes. However, concomitant use of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets and strong CYP3A4 inducers is not recommended [see Dosage and Administration (2.7)] .
Consider reducing the clozapine orally disintegrating tablets dosage when discontinuing coadministered enzyme inducers, because discontinuation of inducers can result in increased clozapine plasma levels and an increased risk of adverse reactions [see Dosage and Administration (2.7)] .
Concomitant treatment with clozapine and other drugs with anticholinergic activity (e.g., benztropine, cyclobenzaprine, diphenhydramine) can increase the risk for anticholinergic toxicity and severe gastrointestinal adverse reactions related to hypomotility. Avoid concomitant use of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets with anticholinergic drugs when possible [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8, 5.16)] .
Use caution when administering concomitant medications that prolong the QT interval or inhibit the metabolism of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. Drugs that cause QT prolongation include: specific antipsychotics (e.g., ziprasidone, iloperidone, chlorpromazine, thioridazine, mesoridazine, droperidol, and pimozide), specific antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin), Class 1A antiarrhythmics (e.g., quinidine, procainamide) or Class III antiarrhythmics (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol), and others (e.g., pentamidine, levomethadyl acetate, methadone, halofantrine, mefloquine, dolasetron mesylate, probucol or tacrolimus) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)] .
7.2 Potential for Clozapine Orally Disintegrating Tablets to Affect Other Drugs
Concomitant use of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets with other drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 can increase levels of these CYP2D6 substrates. Use caution when coadministering clozapine orally disintegrating tablets with other drugs that are metabolized by CYP2D6. It may be necessary to use lower doses of such drugs than usually prescribed. Such drugs include specific antidepressants, phenothiazines, carbamazepine, and Type 1C antiarrhythmics (e.g., propafenone, flecainide, and encainide).
8 Use In Specific Populations
- Nursing Mothers:Discontinue drug or discontinue nursing, taking into consideration importance of drug to mother (
8.3 ).8.1 Pregnancy
There are no adequate or well-controlled studies of clozapine in pregnant women.
Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 0.4 and 0.9 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 900 mg/day on a mg/m 2body surface area basis. The studies revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to clozapine. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, clozapine orally disintegrating tablets should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Consider the risk of exacerbation of psychosis when discontinuing or changing treatment with antipsychotic medications during pregnancy and postpartum. Consider early screening for gestational diabetes for patients treated with antipsychotic medications [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)] . Neonates exposed to antipsychotic drugs during the third trimester of pregnancy are at risk for extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms following delivery. Monitor neonates for symptoms of agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress, and feeding difficulties. The severity of complications can vary from self-limited symptoms to some neonates requiring intensive care unit support and prolonged hospitalization.
In embryofetal developmental studies, clozapine had no effects on maternal parameters, litter sizes, or fetal parameters when administered orally to pregnant rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 0.4 and 0.9 times, respectively, the MRHD of 900 mg/day on a mg/m 2body surface area basis.
In peri/postnatal developmental studies, pregnant female rats were administered clozapine over the last third of pregnancy and until day 21 postpartum. Observations were made on fetuses at birth and during the postnatal period; the offspring were allowed to reach sexual maturity and mated. Clozapine caused a decrease in maternal body weight but had no effects on litter size or body weights of either F1 or F2 generations at doses up to 0.4 times the MRHD of 900 mg/day on a mg/m 2body surface area basis.
8.3 Nursing Mothers
Clozapine is present in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from clozapine orally disintegrating tablets, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
8.4 Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
8.5 Geriatric Use
There have not been sufficient numbers of geriatric patients in clinical studies utilizing clozapine orally disintegrating tablets to determine whether those over 65 years of age differ from younger subjects in their response to clozapine orally disintegrating tablets.
Orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia can occur with clozapine treatment [see Boxed Warningand Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] . Elderly patients, particularly those with compromised cardiovascular functioning, may be more susceptible to these effects.
Elderly patients may be particularly susceptible to the anticholinergic effects of clozapine, such as urinary retention and constipation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16)] .
Carefully select clozapine orally disintegrating tablets doses in elderly patients, taking into consideration their greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, as well as other concomitant disease and other drug therapy. Clinical experience suggests that the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia appears to be highest among the elderly; especially elderly women [see Warnings and Precautions (5.18)] .
8.6 Patients with Renal or Hepatic Impairment
Dose reduction may be necessary in patients with significant impairment of renal or hepatic function. Clozapine concentrations may be increased in these patients, because clozapine is almost completely metabolized and then excreted [see Dosage and Administration (2.8)and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .
8.7 CYP2D6 Poor Metabolizers
Dose reduction may be necessary in patients who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. Clozapine concentrations may be increased in these patients, because clozapine is almost completely metabolized and then excreted [see Dosage and Administration (2.8)and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .
8.8 Hospice Patients
For hospice patients (i.e., terminally ill patients with an estimated life expectancy of 6 months or less), the prescriber may reduce the ANC monitoring frequency to once every 6 months, after a discussion with the patient and his/her caregiver. Individual treatment decisions should weigh the importance of monitoring ANC in the context of the need to control psychiatric symptoms and the patient’s terminal illness.
10 Overdosage
10.1 Overdosage Experience
The most commonly reported signs and symptoms associated with clozapine overdose are: sedation, delirium, coma, tachycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression or failure; and hypersalivation. There are reports of aspiration pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmias, and seizure. Fatal overdoses have been reported with clozapine, generally at doses above 2500 mg. There have also been reports of patients recovering from overdoses well in excess of 4 g.
10.2 Management of Overdosage
There are no specific antidotes for clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. Establish and maintain an airway; ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Monitor cardiac status and vital signs. Use general symptomatic and supportive measures. Consider the possibility of multiple-drug involvement.
Contact a Certified Poison Control Center for the most up to date information on the management of overdosage (1-800-222-1222).
11 Description
Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, is a tricyclic dibenzodiazepine derivative, 8-chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5 H-dibenzo [ b,e] [1,4] diazepine. The structural formula is:
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are available as peach, orally disintegrating tablets of 25 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg or 200 mg for oral administration without water. Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets may be chewed.
Each orally disintegrating tablet contains clozapine equivalent to 25 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg or 200 mg.
The active component of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets is clozapine. The remaining components are aspartame, crospovidone, FD&C Yellow No. 6 Aluminum Lake, magnesium stearate, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, peppermint flavor, silicon dioxide and sodium stearyl fumarate.
THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS ASPARTAME AND IS NOT INTENDED FOR USE BY INFANTS. PHENYLKETONURICS: CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE [see Warnings and Precautions (5.19)] . Phenylalanine is a component of aspartame. Each 25 mg, orally disintegrating tablet contains 3.38 mg aspartame, thus, 1.90 mg phenylalanine. Each 100 mg, orally disintegrating tablet contains 13.52 mg aspartame, thus, 7.59 mg phenylalanine. Each 150 mg, orally disintegrating tablet contains 20.28 mg aspartame, thus, 11.38 mg phenylalanine. Each 200 mg, orally disintegrating tablet contains 27.04 mg aspartame, thus, 15.18 mg phenylalanine. The allowable daily intake of aspartame is 50 mg per kilogram of body weight per day.
12 Clinical Pharmacology
12.1 Mechanism of Action
The mechanism of action of clozapine is unknown. However, it has been proposed that the therapeutic efficacy of clozapine in schizophrenia is mediated through antagonism of the dopamine type 2 (D 2) and the serotonin type 2A (5-HT 2A) receptors. Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets also act as an antagonist at adrenergic, cholinergic, histaminergic and other dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors.
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
Clozapine demonstrated binding affinity to the following receptors: histamine H 1(K i1.1 nM), adrenergic α 1A(K i1.6 nM), serotonin 5-HT 6(K i4 nM ), serotonin 5-HT 2A(K i5.4 nM), muscarinic M 1(K i6.2 nM), serotonin 5-HT 7(K i6.3 nM), serotonin 5-HT 2C(K i9.4 nM), dopamine D 4(K i24 nM), adrenergic α 2A(K i90 nM), serotonin 5-HT 3(K i95 nM), serotonin 5-HT 1A(K i120 nM), dopamine D 2(K i160 nM), dopamine D 1(K i270 nM), dopamine D 5(K i454 nM), and dopamine D 3(K i555 nM).
Clozapine causes little or no prolactin elevation.
Clinical electroencephalogram (EEG) studies demonstrated that clozapine increases delta and theta activity and slows dominant alpha frequencies. Enhanced synchronization occurs. Sharp wave activity and spike and wave complexes may also develop. Patients have reported an intensification of dream activity during clozapine therapy. REM sleep was found to be increased to 85% of the total sleep time. In these patients, the onset of REM sleep occurred almost immediately after falling asleep.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
In man, clozapine tablets (25 mg and 100 mg) are equally bioavailable relative to a clozapine solution. Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are bioequivalent to Clozaril ®(clozapine) tablets, a registered trademark of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Following a dosage of 100 mg b.i.d., the average steady-state peak plasma concentration was 413 ng/mL (range: 132-854 ng/mL), occurring at the average of 2.3 hours (range: 1-6 hours) after dosing. The average minimum concentration at steady-state was 168 ng/mL (range: 45-574 ng/mL), after 100 mg b.i.d. dosing.
A comparative bioequivalence/bioavailability study was conducted in 32 patients (with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) comparing clozapine orally disintegrating 200 mg tablets to 2 Ă— clozapine orally disintegrating 100 mg tablets (the approved reference product) under fasted conditions. The study also evaluated the effect of food and chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the 200 mg tablet. Under fasted conditions, the mean AUC ssand C min,ssof clozapine for the 200 mg tablets were equivalent to those of the 2 x 100 mg tablets. The mean C max,ssof clozapine for clozapine orally disintegrating 200 mg tablets was 85% that for 2 x 100 mg clozapine orally disintegrating tablets. This decrease in C max,ssfor clozapine orally disintegrating 200 mg tablets is not clinically significant.
For clozapine orally disintegrating 200 mg tablets, food significantly increased the C min,ssof clozapine by 21%. However, this increase is not clinically significant. The mean AUC ssand C max,ssof clozapine under fed conditions were equivalent to those under fasted conditions. Food delayed clozapine absorption by 1.5 hours, from a median T maxof 2.5 hours under fasted conditions to 4 hours under fed conditions.
The mean C max,ssof clozapine under chewed conditions for clozapine orally disintegrating 200 mg tablets was about 86% that for 2 x 100 mg clozapine orally disintegrating tablets under non-chewed conditions, while the AUC ssand C min,ssvalues were similar between the chewed and non-chewed conditions.
In a food-effect study, a single dose of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets 12.5 mg was administered to healthy volunteers under fasting conditions and after a high-fat meal. When clozapine orally disintegrating tablets were administered after a high-fat meal, the C maxof both clozapine and its active metabolite, desmethylclozapine, were decreased by approximately 20%, compared to administration under fasting conditions, while the AUC values were unchanged. This decrease in C maxis not clinically significant. Therefore, clozapine orally disintegrating tablets can be taken without regard to meals.
Clozapine is approximately 97% bound to serum proteins. The interaction between clozapine and other highly protein-bound drugs has not been fully evaluated but may be important [see Drug Interactions (7)] .
Clozapine is almost completely metabolized prior to excretion, and only trace amounts of unchanged drug are detected in the urine and feces. Clozapine is a substrate for many cytochrome P450 isozymes, in particular CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. Approximately 50% of the administered dose is excreted in the urine and 30% in the feces. The demethylated, hydroxylated, and N-oxide derivatives are components in both urine and feces. Pharmacological testing has shown the desmethyl metabolite (norclozapine) to have only limited activity, while the hydroxylated and N-oxide derivatives were inactive. The mean elimination half-life of clozapine after a single 75 mg dose was 8 hours (range: 4-12 hours), compared to a mean elimination half-life of 12 hours (range: 4-66 hours), after achieving steady-state with 100 mg twice daily dosing.
A comparison of single-dose and multiple-dose administration of clozapine demonstrated that the elimination half-life increased significantly after multiple dosing relative to that after single-dose administration, suggesting the possibility of concentration-dependent pharmacokinetics. However, at steady-state, approximately dose-proportional changes with respect to AUC (area under the curve), peak, and minimum clozapine plasma concentrations were observed after administration of 37.5, 75, and 150 mg twice daily.
A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in 16 schizophrenic patients who received clozapine under steady-state conditions. After coadministration of fluvoxamine for 14 days, mean trough concentrations of clozapine and its metabolites, N-desmethylclozapine and clozapine N-oxide, were elevated about three-fold compared to baseline steady-state concentrations.
In a study of schizophrenic patients (n = 14) who received clozapine under steady-state conditions, coadministration of paroxetine produced only minor changes in the levels of clozapine and its metabolites. However, other published reports describe modest elevations (less than two-fold) of clozapine and metabolite concentrations when clozapine was taken with paroxetine, fluoxetine, and sertraline.
No specific pharmacokinetic studies were conducted to investigate the effects of renal or hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of clozapine. Higher clozapine plasma concentrations are likely in patients with significant renal or hepatic impairment when given usual doses.
A subset (3%–10%) of the population has reduced activity of CYP2D6 (CYP2D6 poor metabolizers). These individuals may develop higher than expected plasma concentrations of clozapine when given usual doses.
Published case reports describe examples where pneumonia or other inflammatory conditions may increase clozapine concentrations. The clinical significance, the impact of treatments to modulate this inflammation, and mechanism of this potential increase in clozapine concentrations have not been fully characterized but may involve reduced cytochrome P450 1A2 activity.
13 Nonclinical Toxicology
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No carcinogenic potential was demonstrated in long-term studies in mice and rats at doses up to 0.3 times and 0.4 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 900 mg/day on a mg/m 2body surface area basis.
Clozapine was not genotoxic when tested in the following gene mutation and chromosomal aberration tests: the bacterial Ames test, the in vitromammalian V79 in Chinese hamster cells, the in vitrounscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes, or the in vivomicronucleus assay in mice.
Clozapine had no effect on any parameters of fertility, pregnancy, fetal weight, or postnatal development when administered orally to male rats 70 days before mating and to female rats for 14 days before mating at doses up to 0.4 times the MRHD of 900 mg/day on a mg/m 2body surface area basis.
14 Clinical Studies
14.1 Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
The efficacy of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled (chlorpromazine) study in patients with a DSM-III diagnosis of schizophrenia who had inadequate responses to at least 3 different antipsychotics (from at least 2 different chemical classes) during the preceding 5 years. The antipsychotic trials must have been judged adequate; the antipsychotic dosages must have been equivalent to or greater than 1000 mg per day of chlorpromazine for a period of at least 6 weeks, each without significant reduction of symptoms. There must have been no period of good functioning within the preceding 5 years. Patients must have had a baseline score of at least 45 on the investigator-rated Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). On the 18-li BPRS, 1 indicates the absence of symptoms, and 7 indicates severe symptoms; the maximum potential total BPRS score is 126. At baseline, the mean BPRS score was 61. In addition, patients must have had a score of at least 4 on at least two of the following four individual BPRS lis: conceptual disorganization, suspiciousness, hallucinatory behavior, and unusual thought content. Patients must have had a Clinical Global Impressions – Severity Scale score of at least 4 (moderately ill).
In the prospective, lead-in phase of the trial, all patients (N = 305) initially received single-blind treatment with haloperidol (the mean dose was 61 mg per day) for 6 weeks. More than 80% of patients completed the 6-week trial. Patients with an inadequate response to haloperidol (n = 268) were randomized to double-blind treatment with clozapine (N = 126) or chlorpromazine (N = 142). The maximum daily clozapine dose was 900 mg; the mean daily dose was > 600 mg. The maximum daily chlorpromazine dose was 1800 mg; the mean daily dose was > 1200 mg.
The primary endpoint was treatment response, predefined as a decrease in BPRS score of at least 20% and either (1) a CGI-S score of ≤ 3 (mildly ill), or (2) a BPRS score of ≤ 35, at the end of 6 weeks of treatment. Approximately 88% of patients from the clozapine and chlorpromazine groups completed the 6-week trial. At the end of six weeks, 30% of the clozapine group responded to treatment, and 4% of the chlorpromazine group responded to treatment. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The mean change in total BPRS score was -16 and -5 in the clozapine and chlorpromazine group, respectively; the mean change in the 4 key BPRS li scores was -5 and -2 in the clozapine and chlorpromazine group, respectively; and the mean change in CGI-S score was -1.2 and -0.4, in the clozapine and chlorpromazine group, respectively. These changes in the clozapine group were statistically significantly greater than in the chlorpromazine group (p < 0.001 in each analysis).
14.2 Recurrent Suicidal Behavior in Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
The effectiveness of clozapine in reducing the risk of recurrent suicidal behavior was assessed in the International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT™, a trademark of Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation). This was a prospective, randomized, open-label, active-controlled, multicenter, international, parallel-group comparison of clozapine (Clozaril ®) versus olanzapine (Zyprexa ®, a registered trademark of Eli Lilly and Company) in 956 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (DSM-IV) who were judged to be at risk for recurrent suicidal behavior. Only about one-fourth of these patients (27%) were considered resistant to standard antipsychotic drug treatment. To enter the trial, patients must have met one of the following criteria:
- They had attempted suicide within the three years prior to their baseline evaluation.
- They had been hospitalized to prevent a suicide attempt within the three years prior to their baseline evaluation.
- They demonstrated moderate-to-severe suicidal ideation with a depressive component within one week prior to their baseline evaluation.
- They demonstrated moderate-to-severe suicidal ideation accompanied by command hallucinations to do self-harm within one week prior to their baseline evaluation.
Dosing regimens for each treatment group were determined by individual investigators and were individualized by patient. Dosing was flexible, with a dose range of 200-900 mg/day for clozapine and 5-20 mg/day for olanzapine. For the 956 patients who received clozapine or olanzapine in this study, there was extensive use of concomitant psychotropics: 84% with antipsychotics, 65% with anxiolytics, 53% with antidepressants, and 28% with mood stabilizers. There was significantly greater use of concomitant psychotropic medications among the patients in the olanzapine group.
The primary efficacy measure was time to (1) a significant suicide attempt, including a completed suicide; (2) hospitalization due to imminent suicide risk, including increased level of surveillance for suicidality for patients already hospitalized; or (3) worsening of suicidality severity as demonstrated by “much worsening” or “very much worsening” from baseline in the Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Suicidality as assessed by the Blinded Psychiatrist (CGI-SS-BP) scale. A determination of whether or not a reported event met criterion 1 or 2 above was made by the Suicide Monitoring Board (SMB), a group of experts blinded to patient data.
A total of 980 patients were randomized to the study and 956 received study medication. Sixty-two percent of the patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia, and the remainder (38%) were diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder. Only about one-fourth of the total patient population (27%) was identified as “treatment-resistant” at baseline. There were more males than females in the study (61% of all patients were male). The mean age of patients entering the study was 37 years of age (range: 18–69). Most patients were Caucasian (71%), 15% were Black, 1% were Asian, and 13% were classified as being of “other” races.
Patients treated with clozapine had a statistically significant longer delay in the time to recurrent suicidal behavior in comparison with olanzapine. This result should be interpreted only as evidence of the effectiveness of clozapine in delaying time to recurrent suicidal behavior and not a demonstration of the superior efficacy of clozapine over olanzapine.
The probability of experiencing (1) a significant suicide attempt, including a completed suicide, or (2) hospitalization because of imminent suicide risk, including increased level of surveillance for suicidality for patients already hospitalized, was lower for clozapine patients than for olanzapine patients at Week 104: clozapine 24% versus olanzapine 32%; 95% CI of the difference: 2%, 14% (Figure 1).
16 How Supplied/storage And Handling
16.1 How Supplied
Clozapine Orally Disintegrating Tablets are available containing 100 mg of clozapine, USP.
The 100 mg tablets are peach, round, unscored tablets debossed with Cover 100on one side of the tablet and blank on the other side. They are available as follows:
NDC 51079-288-04 – Unit dose buler packages of 40 (5 cards of 8 tablets each).
16.2 Storage and Handling
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] Protect from moisture.
Keep out of reach of children.
Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets must remain in the original package until used by the patient.
Drug dispensing should not ordinarily exceed a weekly supply. If a patient is eligible for ANC testing every 2 weeks, then a 2-week supply of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets can be dispensed. If a patient is eligible for ANC testing every 4 weeks, then a 4-week supply of clozapine orally disintegrating tablets can be dispensed. Dispensing should be contingent upon the ANC testing results.
17 Patient Counseling Information
Discuss the following issues with patients and caregivers:
- Severe Neutropenia:
- Instruct patients (and caregivers) beginning treatment with clozapine orally disintegrating tablets about the risk of developing severe neutropenia and infection.
- Instruct patients to immediately report to their physician any symptom or sign of infection (e.g., flu-like illness; fever; lethargy; general weakness or malaise; mucus membrane ulceration; skin, pharyngeal, vaginal, urinary, or pulmonary infection; or extreme weakness or lethargy) occurring at any time during clozapine orally disintegrating tablets therapy, to aid in evaluation for neutropenia and to institute prompt and appropriate management [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Â (5.12), and (5.14)] .
- Inform patients and caregivers clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are available only through a restricted program called the Clozapine REMS Program designed to ensure the required blood monitoring, in order to reduce the risk of developing severe neutropenia. Advise patients and caregivers of the importance of having blood tested as follows:
- Weekly blood tests are required for the first 6 months.
- An ANC is required every 2 weeks for the next 6 months if an acceptable ANC is maintained during the first 6 months of continuous therapy.
- An ANC is required once every 4 weeks thereafter if an acceptable ANC is maintained during the second 6 months of continuous therapy.
- Clozapine orally disintegrating tablets are available only from certified pharmacies participating in the program. Provide patients (and caregivers) with website information and the telephone number on how to obtain the product [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] .
- Orthostatic Hypotension, Bradycardia, and Syncope:Inform patients and caregivers about the risk of orthostatic hypotension and syncope, especially during the period of initial dose titration. Instruct them to strictly follow the clinician’s instructions for dosage and administration [see Dosage and Administration (2.3, 2.6)] . Advise patients to consult their clinician immediately if they feel faint, lose consciousness or have signs or symptoms suggestive of bradycardia or arrhythmia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .
- Falls:Inform patients of the risk of falls, which may lead to fractures or other injuries [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] .
- Seizures:Inform patients and caregivers about the significant risk of seizure during clozapine orally disintegrating tablets treatment. Caution them about driving and any other potentially hazardous activity while taking clozapine orally disintegrating tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] .
- Gastrointestinal Hypomotility with Severe Complications:Educate patients and caregivers on the risks, prevention, and treatment of clozapine-induced constipation, including medications to avoid when possible (e.g., drugs with anticholinergic activity). Encourage appropriate hydration, physical activity, and fiber intake and emphasize that prompt attention and treatment to the development of constipation or other gastrointestinal symptoms is critical in preventing severe complications. Advise patients and caregivers to contact their health care provider if they experience symptoms of constipation (e.g., difficulty passing stools, incomplete passage of stool, decreased bowel movement frequency) or other symptoms associated with gastrointestinal hypomotility (e.g., nausea, abdominal distension or pain, vomiting) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)and Drug Interactions (7.1)] .
- QT Interval Prolongation:Advise patients to consult their clinician immediately if they feel faint, lose consciousness, or have signs or symptoms suggestive of arrhythmia. Instruct patients to not take clozapine orally disintegrating tablets with other drugs that cause QT interval prolongation. Instruct patients to inform their clinicians that they are taking clozapine orally disintegrating tablets before any new drug [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)and Drug Interactions (7.1)] .
- Metabolic Changes (Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Weight Gain):Educate patients and caregivers about the risk of metabolic changes and the need for specific monitoring. The risks include hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, weight gain, and cardiovascular reactions. Educate patients and caregivers about the symptoms of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and diabetes mellitus (e.g., polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weakness). Monitor all patients for these symptoms. Patients who are diagnosed with diabetes or have risk factors for diabetes (obesity, family history of diabetes) should have their fasting blood glucose monitored before beginning treatment and periodically during treatment. Patients who develop symptoms of hyperglycemia should have assessments of fasting glucose. Clinical monitoring of weight is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)] .
- Patients with Phenylketonuria:Inform patients and caregivers that clozapine orally disintegrating tablets contain phenylalanine (a component of aspartame) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.19)] .
- Interference with Cognitive and Motor Performance:Because clozapine orally disintegrating tablets may have the potential to impair judgment, thinking, or motor skills, patients should be cautioned about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles, until they are reasonably certain that clozapine orally disintegrating tablets therapy does not affect them adversely [see Warnings and Precautions (5.17)] .
- Hepatotoxicity:Instruct patients to immediately report to their physician any symptom or sign of potential liver injury (e.g., fatigue, malaise, anorexia, nausea, jaundice, bilirubinemia, coagulopathy, and hepatic encephalopathy) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)] .
- Missed Doses and Re-Initiating Treatment:Inform patients and caregivers that if the patient misses taking clozapine orally disintegrating tablets for more than 2 days, he or she should not restart his or her medication at the same dosage but should contact their physician for dosing instructions [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)and Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.3)] .
- Pregnancy:Patients and caregivers should notify the clinician if the patient becomes pregnant or intends to become pregnant during therapy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] .
- Nursing:Advise patients and caregivers that the patient should not breast feed an infant if she is taking clozapine orally disintegrating tablets [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)] .
- Concomitant Medication:Advise patients to inform their health care provider if they are taking, or plan to take, any prescription or over-the-counter drugs; there is a potential for significant drug-drug interactions [see Dosage and Administration (2.7)and Drug Interactions (7.1)] .
- Administration:Patients should be advised that clozapine orally disintegrating tablets should remain in the original package until immediately before use [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)] .
The brands uled are trademarks of their respective owners.
Manufactured for: Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A.
Manufactured by: Mylan Laboratories Limited Hyderabad — 500 096, India
Distributed by: Mylan Institutional Inc. Rockford, IL 61103 U.S.A.
S-12670 R1 11/23
Principal Display Panel - 100 Mg
NDC 51079-288-04
Clozapine Orally Disintegrating Tablets 100 mg
Phenylketonurics: Contains phenylalanine, 7.59 mg per tablet.
40 Tablets (5 x 8)
Each tablet contains: Clozapine, USP Â Â Â Â Â 100 mg
Usual Adult Dosage:See accompanying prescribing information.
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] Protect from moisture.
Dispensing should be contingent upon ANC results; quantities dispensed should not exceed the limits set forth in the full product labeling.
Code No.: MH/DRUGS/AD/089
Manufactured for: Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A.
Made in India
Rx only
S-12669
Distributed by:
Mylan Institutional Inc.
Rockford, IL 61103 U.S.A.
This unit dose package is not child resistant.
For institutional use only.
Keep this and all drugs out of the reach of children.
This container provides light-resistance.
See window for lot number and expiration date.
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