Hydrochlorothiazide (hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg) Dailymed
Generic: hydrochlorothiazide
IMPRINT: D 26
SHAPE: capsule
COLOR: blue
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Description
HydrochloroÂthiazide is the 3,4-dihydro derivative of chlorothiazide. Its chemical name is 6-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide. Its empirical formula is C7H8ClN3O4S2; its molecular weight is 297.74; and its structural formula is:
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It is a white, or practically white, crystalline powder which is slightly soluble in water, but freely soluble in sodium hydroxide solution. HydrochloroÂthiazide is supplied as 12.5 mg capsules for oral use. Each capsule contains the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, lactose monohydrate, and magnesium stearate. The hard gelatin shell consists of gelatin, titanium dioxide, sodium lauryl sulphate, FD&C Blue #1, D&C Red #28, D&C Yellow #10, black iron oxide and shellac.
Clinical Pharmacology
Hydrochlorothiazide blocks the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions, and it thereby increases the quantity of sodiÂum traversing the distal tubule and the volume of water excretÂed. A portion of the additional sodium presented to the distal tubule is exchanged there for potassium and hydrogen ions. With continued use of hydroÂchlorothiazide and depletion of sodium, compensatory mechaÂnisms tend to increase this exchange and may produce excessive loss of potassium, hydrogen and chloride ions. Hydrochlorothiazide also decreases the excretion of calÂcium and uric acid, may increase the excretion of iodide and may reduce glomerular filÂtration rate. Metabolic toxicities associated with excessive elecÂtrolyte changes caused by hydrochlorothiazide have been shown to be dose-related.
Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
Hydrochlorothiazide is well absorbed (65% to 75%) folÂlowing oral administration. Absorption of hydrochlorothiÂazide is reduced in patients with congestive heart failure. Peak plasma concentrations are observed within 1 to 5 hours of dosing, and range from 70 to 490 ng/mL followÂing oral doses of 12.5 to 100 mg. Plasma concentraÂtions are linearly related to the administered dose. ConcenÂtrations of hydrochlorothiazide are 1.6 to 1.8 times higher in whole blood than in plasma. Binding to serum proteins has been reported to be approxiÂmately 40% to 68%. The plasÂma elimination half-life has been reported to be 6 to 15 hours. Hydrochlorothiazide is eliminated primarily by renal pathways. Following oral doses of 12.5 to 100 mg, 55% to 77% of the administered dose appears in urine and greater than 95% of the absorbed dose is excreted in urine as unchanged drug. In patients with renal disease, plasma conÂcentrations of hydrochlorothiÂazide are increased and the elimination half-life is proÂlonged. When hydrochloroÂthiazide is adminisÂtered with food, its bioavailabilÂity is reduced by 10%, the maxÂimum plasma concentration is reduced by 20%, and the time to maximum concentration increases from 1.6 to 2.9 hours.
Pharmacodynamics
Acute antihypertensive effects of thiÂazides are thought to result from a reduction in blood volÂume and cardiac output, secÂondary to a natriuretic effect, although a direct vasodilatory mechanism has also been proÂposed. With chronic adminisÂtration, plasma volume returns toward normal, but peripheral vascular resistance is deÂcreased. The exact mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of hydrochlorothiazide is not known. Thiazides do not affect normal blood pressure. Onset of action occurs within 2 hours of dosÂing, peak effect is observed at about 4 hours, and activity perÂsists for up to 24 hours.
Clinical Studies
In an 87 patient 4-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial, patients who received hydrochloroÂthiazide had reductions in seated systolic and diastolic blood pressure that were significantly greater than those seen in patients who received placebo. In published placebo-controlled trials comÂparing 12.5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide to 25 mg, the 12.5 mg dose preserved most of the placebo-corrected blood pressure reduction seen with 25 mg.
Indications And Usage
HydrochloroÂthiazide capsules are indicated in the management of hypertension either as the sole therapeutic agent, or in combination with other antihypertensives. Unlike potassium sparing combinaÂtion diuretic products, hydrochloroÂthiazide may be used in those patients in whom the development of hyperkalemia cannot be risked, including patients taking ACE inhibitors.
Usage in Pregnancy
The rouÂtine use of diuretics in an otherwise healthy woman is inappropriate and exposes mother and fetus to unnecesÂsary hazard. Diuretics do not prevent development of toxÂemia of pregnancy, and there is no satisfactory evidence that they are useful in the treatment of developed toxemia. Edema during pregnancy may arise from pathological causes or from the physiologic and mechanical consequences of pregnancy. Diuretics are indiÂcated in pregnancy when edema is due to pathologic causes, just as they are in the absence of pregnancy. Dependent edema in pregnanÂcy resulting from restriction of venous return by the expanded uterus is properly treated through elevation of the lower extremities and use of support hose; use of diuretics to lower intravascular volume in this case is illogical and unnecesÂsary. There is hypervolemia during normal pregnancy which is harmful to neither the fetus nor the mother (in the absence of cardiovascular disÂease), but which is associated with edema, including generalÂized edema in the majority of pregnant women. If this edema produces discomfort, inÂcreased recumbency will often provide relief. In rare instances this edema may cause extreme discomfort which is not relieved by rest. In these cases a short course of diuretics may provide relief and may be appropriate.
Contraindications
Hydrochlorothiazide capsules are conÂtraindicated in patients with anuria. Hypersensitivity to this product or other sulfonamide derived drugs is also conÂtraindicated.
Warnings
Diabetes and Hypoglycemia: Latent diabetes mellitus may become manifest and diabetic patients given thiazides may require adjustment of their insulin dose. Renal Disease: Cumulative effects of the thiazides may develop in patients with impaired renal function. In such patients, thiazides may precipitate azotemia.
Precautions
Electrolyte and Fluid Balance Status: In published studies, clinically significant hypokalemia has been consistently less common in patients who received 12.5 mg of hydroÂchlorothiazide than in patients who received higher doses. Nevertheless, periodic determiÂnation of serum electrolytes should be performed in patients who may be at risk for the development of hypoÂkalemia. Patients should be observed for signs of fluid or electrolyte disturbances, i.e., hyponatremia, hypochloremic alkalosis, and hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. Warning signs or symptoms of fluid and electrolyte imbalance include dryness of mouth, thirst, weakness, lethargy, drowsiness, restlessness, muscle pains or cramps, musÂcular fatigue, hypotension, oliguria, tachycardia, and gasÂtrointestinal disturbances such as nausea and vomiting. Hypokalemia may develop, especially with brisk diuresis when severe cirrhosis is presÂent, during concomitant use of corticosteroid or adrenocortiÂcotropic hormone (ACTH) or after prolonged therapy. Interference with adequate oral electrolyte intake will also conÂtribute to hypokalemia. HypoÂkalemia and hypomagnesemia can provoke ventricular arrhythmias or sensitize or exaggerate the response of the heart to the toxic effects of  digÂitalis. Hypokalemia may be avoided or treated by potasÂsium supplementation or increased intake of potassium rich foods. Dilutional hyponatremia is life-threatening and may occur in edematous patients in hot weather; appropriate therapy is water restriction rather than salt administration, except in rare instances when the hypoÂnatremia is life-threatening. In actual salt depletion, appropriÂate replacement is the therapy of choice. Hyperuricemia: Hyperuricemia or acute gout may be precipiÂtated in certain patients receivÂing thiazide diuretics. Impaired Hepatic Function: Thiazides should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic function. They can precipitate hepatic coma in patients with severe liver disÂease. Parathyroid Disease: Calcium excretion is decreased by thiÂazides, and pathologic changes in the parathyroid glands, with hypercalcemia and hypophosÂphatemia, have been observed in a few patients on prolonged thiazide therapy.
Drug Interactions
When given concurrently the following drugs may interact with thiazide diuretics: Alcohol, barbiturates, or narcotics - potentiation of orthoÂstatic hypotension may occur. Antidiabetic drugs - (oral agents and insulin) dosage adjustment of the antidiabetic drug may be required. Other antihypertensive drugs - Âadditive effect or potentiation. Cholestyramine and colestipol resins - Cholestyramine and colestipol resins bind the hydrochlorothiazide and reÂduce its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract by up to 85 and 43 percent, respectively. Corticosteroid, ACTH - intensiÂfied electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalemia. Pressor amines (e.g., norepinephrine) - possible decreased response to pressor amines but not sufficient to preclude their use. Skeletal muscle relaxants, non-depolarizing (e.g., tubocurarine) - possible increased responsiveness to the muscle relaxant. Lithium - generally should not be given with diuretics. Diuretic agents reduce the renal clearÂance of lithium and greatly increase the risk of lithium toxÂicity. Refer to the package insert for lithium preparations before use of such preparations with hydrochloroÂthiazide. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - In some patients, the administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent can reduce the diuretic, natriuretic, and antihypertensive effects of loop, potassium-sparing and thiazide diuretics. When hydrochloroÂthiazide and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents are used concomitantly, the patients should be observed closely to determine if the desired effect of the diuretic is obtained.
Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Thiazides should be discontinued before carrying out tests for parathyroid function (see PRECAUTIONS , General ).
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Two-year feeding studies in mice and rats conducted under the auspices of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) uncovered no evidence of a carcinogenic potential of hydrochlorothiazide in female mice (at doses of up to approximately 600 mg/kg/day) or in male and female rats (at doses of approximately 100 mg/kg/day). The NTP, however, found equivocal evidence for hepato-carcinogenicity in male mice. Hydrochlorothiazide was not genotoxic in vitro in the Ames mutagenicity assay of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA100, TA 1535, TA 1537, and TA 1538 and in the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) test for chromosomal aberrations, or in vivo in assays using mouse germinal cell chromosomes, Chinese hamster bone marrow chromosomes, and the Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal trait gene. Positive test results were obtained only in the in vitro CHO Sister Chromatid Exchange (clastogenicity) and in the Mouse Lymphoma Cell (mutagenicity) assays, using concentrations of hydrochlorothiazide from 43 to 1300 mcg/mL, and in the Aspergillus nidulans non-disjunction assay at an unspecified concentration. Hydrochlorothiazide had no adverse effects on the fertility of mice and rats of either sex in studies wherein these species were exposed, via their diet, to doses of up to 100 and 4 mg/kg, respectively, prior to conception and throughout gestation.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects
Pregnancy Category B: Studies in which hydrochlorothiazide was orally administered to pregnant mice and rats during their respective periods of major organogenesis at doses up to 3000 and 1000 mg hydrochlorothiazide/kg, respectively, provided no evidence of harm to the fetus. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nonteratogenic Effects
Thiazides cross the placental barrier and appear in cord blood.There is a risk of fetal or neonatal jaundice, thrombocytopenia, and possibly other adverse reactions that have occurred in adults.
Nursing Mothers
Thiazides are excreted in breast milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue hydrochlorothiazide, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric Use
A greater blood pressure reduction and an increase in side effects may be observed in the elderly (i.e., >65 years) with hydrochlorothiazide. Starting treatment with the lowest available dose of hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg) is therefore recommended. If further titration is required, 12.5 mg increments should be utilized.
Adverse Reactions
The adverse reactions associated with hydrochlorothiazide have been shown to be dose related. In controlled clinical trials, the adverse events reported with doses of 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide once daily were comparable to placebo. The following adverse reactions have been reported for doses of hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg and greater and, within each category, are uled in the order of decreasing severity. Body as a whole: Weakness. Cardiovascular: Hypotension including orthostatic Hypotension (may be aggravated by alcohol, barbiturates, narcotics or antihypertensive drugs). Digestive: Pancreatitis, jaundice (intrahepatic cholestatic jaundice), diarrhea, vomiting, sialadenitis, cramping, constipation, gastric irritation, nausea, anorexia. Hematologic: Aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, leukopenia, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia. Hypersensitivity: Anaphylactic reactions, necrotizing angiitis (vasculitis and cutaneous vasculitis), respiratory distress including pneumonitis and pulmonary edema, photosensitivity, fever, urticaria, rash, purpura. Metabolic: Electrolyte imbalance (see PRECAUTIONS ), hyperglycemia, glycosuria, hyperuricemia. Musculoskeletal: Muscle Spasm. Nervous System/Psychiatric: Vertigo, paresthesia, dizziness, headache, restlessness. Renal: Renal failure, renal dysfunction, interstitial nephritis (see WARNINGS ). Skin: Erythema multiforme including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis including toxic epidermal necrolysis, alopecia. Special Senses: Transient blurred vision, xanthopsia. Urogenital: Impotence. Whenever adverse reactions are moderate or severe, thiazide dosage should be reduced or therapy withdrawn.
Overdosage
The most common signs and symptoms observed are those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalemia, hypochloremia, hyponatremia) and dehydration resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered, hypokalemia may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias. In the event of overdosage, symptomatic and supportive measures should be employed. Emesis should be induced or gastric lavage performed. Correct dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hepatic coma and hypotension by established procedures. If required, give oxygen or artificial respiration for respiratory impairment. The degree to which hydrochlorothiazide is removed by hemodialysis has not been established. The oral LD50 of hydrochlorothiazide is greater than 10 g/kg in the mouse and rat.
Dosage And Administration
For Control of Hypertension: The adult initial dose of hydrochloroÂthiazide is one capsule given once daily whether given alone or in combination with other antihypertensives. Total daily doses greater than 50 mg are not recommended.
How Supplied
Hydrochlorothiazide Capsules 12.5 mg are blue/blue size ‘4’ hard gelatin capsules, imprinted with ‘D’ on blue cap and ‘26’ on blue body with black edible ink, filled with white to off-white powder.                         Bottles of 100              NDC 59762-1735-2 Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from light, moisture, freezing, -20°C (-4°F). GREENSTONE® BRAND Distributed by:           Greenstone LLC Peapack, NJ 07977 Code No.: 19/HD/AP/95/F/R Issued: 03/2009
Package Label-principal Display Panel - 12.5 Mg (100 Capsule Bottle)
NDC 59762-1735-2 100 Capsules GREENSTONE® BRAND hydrochlorothiazide capsules 12.5 mg Rx only
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