risperidone (risperidone 0.25 mg) Dailymed
Generic: risperidone is used for the treatment of Autistic Disorder Bipolar Disorder Dementia Tourette Syndrome Schizophrenia
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risperidone 0.25 mg - z 4 round yellow
risperidone 1 mg - zc 75 round white
risperidone 2 mg - zc 76 round orange
risperidone 0.5 mg - z 6 round red
risperidone 4 mg - zc 78 round green
Boxed Warning
Boxed Warning Section
-
• Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death.  -
• RISPERIDONE is not approved for use in patients with dementia-related psychosis. (5.1 )Â
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Boxed Warning Section
WARNING: INCREASED MORTALITY IN ELDERLY PATIENTS
WITH DEMENTIA-RELATED PSYCHOSIS
See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.
• Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. • RISPERIDONE is not approved for use in patients with dementia-related psychosis. (5.1 )Â
WARNING: INCREASED MORTALITY IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIARELATED PSYCHOSIS
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. RISPERIDONE (risperidone) is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
1. Indications And Usage
RISPERIDONE is an atypical antipsychotic indicated for:
• Treatment of schizophrenia (1.1 )• As monotherapy or adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate, for the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder (1.2 )• Treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder (1.3 )1.1 Schizophrenia
RISPERIDONE (risperidone) is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia. Efficacy was established in 4 short-term trials in adults, 2 short-term trials in adolescents (ages 13 to 17 years), and one long-term maintenance trial in adults [see Clinical Studies (14.1)].
1.2 Bipolar Mania
Monotherapy
RISPERIDONE is indicated for the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder. Efficacy was established in 2 short-term trials in adults and one short-term trial in children and adolescents (ages 10 to 17 years) [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].
Adjunctive Therapy
RISPERIDONE adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate is indicated for the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder. Efficacy was established in one short-term trial in adults [see Clinical Studies (14.3)].
1.3 Irritability Associated with Autistic Disorder
Pediatrics
RISPERIDONE is indicated for the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder, including symptoms of aggression towards others, deliberate self-injuriousness, temper tantrums, and quickly changing moods. Efficacy was established in 3 short-term trials in children and adolescents (ages 5 to 17 years) [see Clinical Studies (14.4)].
2. Dosage And Administration
• Recommended daily dosage:
Summary of Heart Protection Study Results
Initial Dose
Target Dose
Effective Dose
Range
Schizophrenia: adults (2.1)Â
2Â mg
4 to 8 mg
4 to 16 mg
Schizophrenia: adolescents (2.1)Â
0.5Â mg
3Â mg
1 to 6 mg
Bipolar mania: Adults (2.2)Â
2 to 3 mg
1 to 6 mg
1 to 6 mg
Bipolar mania: in children and adolescents (2.2)Â
0.5Â mg
1 to 2.5 mg
1 to 6 mg
Irritability associated with autistic disorderÂ
0.25 mg(Weight < 20kg)
0.5Â mg(<20Â kg)
0.5 to 3 mg
(2.3)Â
1Â mg
0.5 mg(Weight ≥ 20kg)
(≥ 20 kg)
• Severe Renal or Hepatic Impairment in Adults: Use a lower starting dose of 0.5 mg twice daily. May increase to dosages above 1.5 mg twice daily at intervals of at least one week. (2.4)
Table 1Recommended Daily Dosage by Indication
Initial DoseÂ
Titration (Increments)Â
Target DoseÂ
Effective Dose RangeÂ
Schizophrenia: adults (2.1)Â
2Â mg
1 to 2 mg
4 to 8 mg
4 to 16 mg
Schizophrenia: adolescents (2.2)Â
0.5Â mg
0.5 to 1 mg
3Â mg
1 to 6 mg
Bipolar mania: adults (2.2)Â
2 to 3 mg
1mg
1 to 6mg
1 to 6 mg
Bipolar mania: children and adolescents (2.2)Â
0.5Â mg
0.5 to 1mg
1 to 2.5 mg
1 to 6 mg
Irritability in autistic disorder (2.3)Â
0.25 mgCan increase to0.5 mg by Day 4:(body weight lessthan 20 kg) 0.5 mgCan increase to1 mg by Day 4:(body weightgreater than orequal to 20 kg)
After Day 4, atintervals of > 2weeks:0.25 mg(body weight lessthan 20 kg) 0.5 mg(body weightgreater than orequal to 20 kg)
0.5 mg:(body weight lessthan 20 kg) 1 mg:(body weightgreater than orequal to 20 kg)
0.5 to 3 mg
Severe Renal and Hepatic Impairment in Adults: use a lower starting dose of 0.5 mg twice daily.
May increase to dosages above 1.5 mg twice daily at intervals of one week or longer
2.1 Schizophrenia
Adults
Usual Initial Dose
RISPERIDONE can be administered once or twice daily. Initial dosing is 2 mg per day. May increase the dose at intervals of 24 hours or greater, in increments of 1 to 2 mg per day, as tolerated, to a recommended dose of 4 to 8 mg per day. In some patients, slower titration may be appropriate. Efficacy has been demonstrated in a range of 4 mg to 16 mg per day. However, doses above 6 mg per day for twice daily dosing were not demonstrated to be more efficacious than lower doses, were associated with more extrapyramidal symptoms and other adverse effects, and are generally not recommended. In a single study supporting once-daily dosing, the efficacy results were generally stronger for 8 mg than for 4 mg. The safety of doses above 16 mg per day has not been evaluated in clinical trials [see Clinical Studies (14.1)].
Adolescents
The initial dose is 0.5 mg once daily, administered as a single-daily dose in the morning or evening. The dose may be adjusted at intervals of 24 hours or greater, in increments of 0.5 mg or 1 mg per day, as tolerated, to a recommended dose of 3 mg per day. Although efficacy has been demonstrated in studies of adolescent patients with schizophrenia at doses between 1 mg to 6 mg per day, no additional benefit was observed above 3 mg per day, and higher doses were associated with more adverse events. Doses higher than 6 mg per day have not been studied.
Patients experiencing persistent somnolence may benefit from administering half the daily dose twice daily.
Maintenance Therapy
While it is unknown how long a patient with schizophrenia should remain on RISPERIDONE, the effectiveness of RISPERIDONE 2 mg per day to 8 mg per day at delaying relapse was demonstrated in a controlled trial in adult patients who had been clinically stable for at least 4 weeks and were then followed for a period of 1 to 2 years [see Clinical Studies (14.1)]. Both adult and adolescent patients who respond acutely should generally be maintained on their effective dose beyond the acute episode. Patients should be periodically reassessed to determine the need for maintenance treatment.
Reinitiation of Treatment in Patients Previously Discontinued
Although there are no data to specifically address reinitiation of treatment, it is recommended that after an interval off RISPERIDONE, the initial titration schedule should be followed.
Switching From Other Antipsychotics
There are no systematically collected data to specifically address switching schizophrenic patients from other antipsychotics to RISPERIDONE, or treating patients with concomitant antipsychotics.
2.2 Bipolar Mania
Usual Dose
Adults
The initial dose range is 2 mg to 3 mg per day. The dose may be adjusted at intervals of 24 hours or greater, in increments of 1 mg per day. The effective dose range is 1 mg to 6 mg per day, as studied in the short-term, placebo-controlled trials. In these trials, short-term (3 week) anti-manic efficacy was demonstrated in a flexible dosage range of 1 mg to 6 mg per day [see Clinical Studies (14.2, 14.3)]. RISPERIDONE doses higher than 6 mg per day were not studied.
Pediatrics
The initial dose is 0.5 mg once daily, administered as a single-daily dose in the morning or evening. The dose may be adjusted at intervals of 24 hours or greater, in increments of 0.5 mg or 1 mg per day, as tolerated, to the recommended target dose of 1mg to 2.5 mg per day. Although efficacy has been demonstrated in studies of pediatric patients with bipolar mania at doses between 0.5 mg and 6 mg per day, no additional benefit was observed above 2.5 mg per day, and higher doses were associated with more adverse events. Doses higher than 6 mg per day have not been studied.
Patients experiencing persistent somnolence may benefit from administering half the daily dose twice daily.
Maintenance Therapy
There is no body of evidence available from controlled trials to guide a clinician in the longer-term management of a patient who improves during treatment of an acute manic episode with RISPERIDONE. While it is generally agreed that pharmacological treatment beyond an acute response in mania is desirable, both for maintenance of the initial response and for prevention of new manic episodes, there are no systematically obtained data to support the use of RISPERIDONE in such longer-term treatment (i.e., beyond 3 weeks). The physician who elects to use RISPERIDONE for extended periods should periodically re-evaluate the long-term risks and benefits of the drug for the individual patient.
2.3 Irritability Associated with Autistic Disorder Pediatrics (Children and Adolescents)
The dosage of RISPERIDONE should be individualized according to the response and tolerability of the patient. The total daily dose of RISPERIDONE can be administered once daily, or half the total daily dose can be administered twice daily.
For patients with body weight less than 20 kg, initiate dosing at 0.25 mg per day. For patients with body weight greater than or equal to 20 kg, initiate dosing at 0.5 mg per day. After a minimum of four days, the dose may be increased to the recommended dose of 0.5 mg per day for patients less than 20 kg and 1 mg per day for patients greater than or equal to 20 kg. Maintain this dose for a minimum of 14 days. In patients not achieving sufficient clinical response, the dose may be increased at intervals of 2 weeks or greater, in increments of 0.25 mg per day for patients less than 20 kg, or increments of 0.5 mg per day for patients greater than or equal to 20 kg. The effective dose range is 0.5 mg to 3 mg per day. No dosing data are available for children who weigh less than 15 kg.
Once sufficient clinical response has been achieved and maintained, consider gradually lowering the dose to achieve the optimal balance of efficacy and safety. The physician who elects to use RISPERIDONE for extended periods should periodically re-evaluate the long-term risks and benefits of the drug for the individual patient.
Patients experiencing persistent somnolence may benefit from a once-daily dose administered at bedtime or administering half the daily dose twice daily, or a reduction of the dose.
2.4 Dosing in Patients with Severe Renal or Hepatic Impairment
For patients with severe renal impairment (CLcr < 30 mL/min) or hepatic impairment (10 to 15 points on Child Pugh System), the initial starting dose is 0.5 mg twice daily. The dose may be increased in increments of 0.5 mg or less, administered twice daily. For doses above 1.5 mg twice daily, increase in intervals of one week or greater [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6and 8.7)].
2.5 Dose Adjustments for Specific Drug Interactions
When RISPERIDONE is coadministered with enzyme inducers (e.g., carbamazepine), the dose of RISPERIDONE should be increased up to double the patient's usual dose. It may be necessary to decrease the RISPERIDONE dose when enzyme inducers such as carbamazepine are discontinued [see Drug Interactions (7.1)]. Similar effect may be expected with coadministration of RISPERIDONE with other enzyme inducers (e.g., phenytoin, rifampin, and phenobarbital).
When fluoxetine or paroxetine is coadministered with RISPERIDONE, the dose of RISPERIDONE should be reduced. The RISPERIDONE dose should not exceed 8 mg per day in adults when coadministered with these drugs. When initiating therapy, RISPERIDONE should be titrated slowly. It may be necessary to increase the RISPERIDONE dose when enzyme inhibitors such as fluoxetine
or paroxetine are discontinued [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].
3. Dosage Forms And Strengths
• Tablets: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, and 4 mg (3 )
The round-shaped, film-coated tablets are available in the following strengths, colors and debossing: 0.25 mg - dark yellow and debossed with "Z" and "4"; 0.5 mg - red-brown, debossed with "Z" and "6"; 1 mg - white to off-white and debossed with "ZC 75"; 2 mg - orange and debossed with "ZC 76"; 3 mg – yellow and debossed with "ZC 77" and 4 mg - green and debossed with "ZC 78".
4. Contraindications
• Known hypersensitivity to RISPERIDONE (4 )
RISPERIDONE is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to RISPERIDONE. Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic reactions and angioedema, have been observed in patients treated with risperidone.
5. Warnings And Precautions
• Cerebrovascular events, including stroke, in elderly patients with dementiarelated psychosis: RISPERIDONE is not approved for use in patients with dementia-related psychosis. (5.2 )• Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: Manage with immediate discontinuation of RISPERIDONE and close monitoring. (5.3 )• Tardive dyskinesia: Consider discontinuing RISPERIDONE if clinically indicated. (5.4 )• Metabolic Changes: Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been associated with metabolic changes that may increase cardiovascular/ cerebrovascular risk. These metabolic changes include hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and weight gain. (5.5 )• Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus: Monitor patients for symptoms of hyperglycemia including polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weakness. Monitor glucose regularly in patients with diabetes or at risk for diabetes. (5.5 )• Dyslipidemia: Undesirable alterations have been observed in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. (5.5 )• Weight Gain: Significant weight gain has been reported. Monitor weight gain. (5.5 )• Hyperprolactinemia: Prolactin elevations occur and persist during chronic administration. (5.6 )• Orthostatic hypotension: For patients at risk, consider a lower starting dose and slower titration. (5.7 )• Leukopenia, Neutropenia, and Agranulocytosis: Perform complete blood counts in patients with a history of clinically significant low white blood cell count (WBC). Consider discontinuing RISPERIDONE if a clinically significant decline in WBC occurs in the absence of other causative factors. (5.8 )• Potential for cognitive and motor impairment: Use caution when operating machinery. (5.9 )• Seizures: Use cautiously in patients with a history of seizures or with conditions that lower the seizure threshold. (5.10 )5.1 Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. Analyses of 17 placebo-controlled trials (modal duration of 10 weeks), largely in patients taking atypical antipsychotic drugs, revealed a risk of death in drug-treated patients of between 1.6 to 1.7 times the risk of death in placebo-treated patients. Over the course of a typical 10 week controlled trial, the rate of death in drug-treated patients was about 4.5%, compared to a rate of about 2.6% in the placebo group. Although the causes of death were varied, most of the deaths appeared to be either cardiovascular (e.g., heart failure, sudden death) or infectious (e.g., pneumonia) in nature. Observational studies suggest that, similar to atypical antipsychotic drugs, treatment with conventional antipsychotic drugs may increase mortality.
The extent to which the findings of increased mortality in observational studies may be attributed to the antipsychotic drug as opposed to some characteristic(s) of the patients is not clear.
In two of four placebo-controlled trials in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis, a higher incidence of mortality was observed in patients treated with furosemide plus RISPERIDONE when compared to patients treated with RISPERIDONE alone or with placebo plus furosemide. No pathological mechanism has been identified to explain this finding, and no consistent pattern for cause of death was observed.
RISPERIDONE (risperidone) is not approved for the treatment of dementia-related psychosis [see Boxed Warning].
5.2 Cerebrovascular Adverse Reactions, Including Stroke, in Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis
Cerebrovascular adverse reactions (e.g., stroke, transient ischemic attack), including fatalities, were reported in patients (mean age 85 years; range 73-97) in trials of risperidone in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis. In placebo-controlled trials, there was a significantly higher incidence of cerebrovascular adverse events in patients treated with risperidone compared to patients treated with placebo. RISPERIDONE is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis [see also BOXED WARNING and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Â (5.1)].
5.3 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Antipsychotic drugs including RISPERIDONE can cause a potentially fatal symptom complex referred to as Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS). Clinical manifestations of NMS include hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and cardiac dysrhythmia). Additional signs may include elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK), myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure.
The diagnostic evaluation of patients with this syndrome is complicated. In arriving at a diagnosis, it is important to identify cases in which the clinical presentation includes both serious medical illness (e.g., pneumonia, systemic infection, etc.) and untreated or inadequately treated extrapyramidal signs and symptoms (EPS). Other important considerations in the differential diagnosis include central anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, drug fever, and primary central nervous system pathology.
The management of NMS should include: (1) immediate discontinuation of antipsychotic drugs and other drugs not essential to concurrent therapy; (2) intensive symptomatic treatment and medical monitoring; and (3) treatment of any concomitant serious medical problems for which specific treatments are available. There is no general agreement about specific pharmacological treatment regimens for uncomplicated NMS.
If a patient requires antipsychotic drug treatment after recovery from NMS, the potential reintroduction of drug therapy should be carefully considered. The patient should be carefully monitored, since recurrences of NMS have been reported.
5.4 Tardive Dyskinesia
A syndrome of potentially irreversible, involuntary, dyskinetic movements may develop in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs.
The risk of developing tardive dyskinesia and the likelihood that it will become irreversible are believed to increase as the duration of treatment and the total cumulative dose of antipsychotic drugs administered to the patient increase. However, the syndrome can develop, although much less commonly, after relatively brief treatment periods at low doses.
There is no known treatment for established cases of tardive dyskinesia, although the syndrome may remit, partially or completely, if antipsychotic treatment is withdrawn. Antipsychotic treatment, itself, however, may suppress (or partially suppress) the signs and symptoms of the syndrome and thereby may possibly mask the underlying process. The effect that symptomatic suppression has upon the long-term course of the syndrome is unknown.
Given these considerations, prescribe RISPERIDONE in a manner that is most likely to minimize the occurrence of tardive dyskinesia. Chronic antipsychotic treatment should generally be reserved for patients who suffer from a chronic illness that: (1) is known to respond to antipsychotic drugs, and (2) for whom alternative, equally effective, but potentially less harmful treatments are not available or appropriate. In patients who do require chronic treatment, the smallest dose and the shortest duration of treatment producing a satisfactory clinical response should be sought. The need for continued treatment should be reassessed periodically.
If signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia appear in a patient treated with RISPERIDONE, consider drug discontinuation. However, some patients may require treatment with RISPERIDONE despite the presence of the syndrome.
5.5 Metabolic Changes
Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been associated with metabolic changes that may increase cardiovascular/cerebrovascular risk. These metabolic changes include hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and body weight gain. While all of the drugs in the class have been shown to produce some metabolic changes, each drug has its own specific risk profile.
Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, in some cases extreme and associated with ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar coma or death, have been reported in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics including RISPERIDONE. Assessment of the relationship between atypical antipsychotic use and glucose abnormalities is complicated by the possibility of an increased background risk of diabetes mellitus in patients with schizophrenia and the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus in the general population. Given these confounders, the relationship between atypical antipsychotic use and hyperglycemia-related adverse events is not completely understood. However, epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of treatment-emergent hyperglycemia-related adverse events in patients treated with the atypical antipsychotics. Precise risk estimates for hyperglycemia-related adverse events in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics are not available.
Patients with an established diagnosis of diabetes mellitus who are started on atypical antipsychotics, including RISPERIDONE, should be monitored regularly for worsening of glucose control. Patients with risk factors for diabetes mellitus (e.g., obesity, family history of diabetes) who are starting treatment with atypical antipsychotics, including RISPERIDONE, should undergo fasting blood glucose testing at the beginning of treatment and periodically during treatment. Any patient treated with atypical antipsychotics, including RISPERIDONE, should be monitored for symptoms of hyperglycemia including polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weakness. Patients who develop symptoms of hyperglycemia during treatment with atypical antipsychotics, including RISPERIDONE, should undergo fasting blood glucose testing. In some cases, hyperglycemia has resolved when the atypical antipsychotic, including RISPERIDONE, was discontinued; however, some patients required continuation of anti-diabetic treatment despite discontinuation of RISPERIDONE.
Pooled data from three double-blind, placebo-controlled schizophrenia studies and four double-blind, placebo-controlled bipolar monotherapy studies are presented in Table 2.
Table 2Change in Random Glucose from Seven Placebo-Controlled, 3 to 8 Week, Fixed- or Flexible-Dose Studies in Adult Subjects with Schizophrenia or Bipolar Mania
RISPERIDONEÂ
Placebo
1 to 8 mg/day
> 8 to 16 mg/day
Mean change from baseline (mg/dL)
n=555
n=748
n=164
Serum Glucose
-1.4
0.8
0.6
Proportion of patients with shifts
Serum Glucose(< 140 mg/dL to     ≥ 200 mg/dL)Â
0.6%(3/525)
0.4%(3/702)
0%(0/158)
In longer-term, controlled and uncontrolled studies, RISPERIDONE was associated with a mean change in glucose of + 2.8 mg/dL at Week 24 (n=151) and + 4.1 mg/dL at Week 48 (n = 50).
Data from the placebo-controlled 3- to 6-week study in children and adolescents with schizophrenia (13 to 17 years of age), bipolar mania (10 to 17 years of age), or autistic disorder (5 to 17 years of age) are presented in Table 3.
Table 3Change in Fasting Glucose from Three Placebo-Controlled, 3 to 6 Week, Fixed-Dose Studies in Children and Adolescents with Schizophrenia (13 to 17 years of age), Bipolar Mania (10 to 17 years of age), or Autistic Disorder (5 to 17 years of age)
Placebo
RISPERIDONE0.5-6Â mg/day
Mean change from baseline (mg/dL)
n=76
n=135
Serum Glucose
-1.3
2.6
Proportion of patients with shifts
Serum Glucose(<100 mg/dL to             ≥126 mg/dL)
0%(0/64)
0.8%(1/120)
In longer-term, uncontrolled, open-label extension pediatric studies, RISPERIDONE was associated with a mean change in fasting glucose of +5.2 mg/dL at Week 24 (n = 119).
Dyslipidemia
Undesirable alterations in lipids have been observed in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics.
Pooled data from 7 placebo-controlled, 3- to 8- week, fixed- or flexible-dose studies in adult subjects with schizophrenia or bipolar mania are presented in Table 4.
Table 4Change in Random Lipids From Seven Placebo-Controlled, 3 to 8 Week, Fixed- or Flexible-Dose Studies in Adult Subjects With Schizophrenia or Bipolar Mania
RISPERIDONE
Placebo
1 to 8 mg/day
>8 to 16 mg/day
Mean change from baseline (mg/dL)
Cholesterol
n=559
n=742
n=156
Change from baseline
0.6
6.9
1.8
Triglycerides
n=183
n=307
n=123
Change from baseline
-17.4
-4.9
-8.3
RISPERIDONE
Placebo
1 to 8 mg/day
>8 to 16 mg/day
Proportion of patients With Shifts
Cholesterol (<200 mg/dL to ≥240 mg/dL)
2.7%(10/368)
4.3%(22/516)
6.3%(6/96)
Triglycerides (<500 mg/dL to ≥500 mg/dL)
1.1%(2/180)
2.7%(8/301)
2.5%(3/121)
In longer-term, controlled and uncontrolled studies, RISPERIDONE was associated with a mean change in (a) non-fasting cholesterol of +4.4 mg/dL at Week 24 (n = 231) and +5.5 mg/dL at Week 48 (n = 86); and (b) non-fasting triglycerides of +19.9 mg/dL at Week 24 (n = 52).
Pooled data from 3 placebo-controlled, 3- to 6-week, fixed-dose studies in children and adolescents with schizophrenia (13 to 17 years of age), bipolar mania (10 to 17 years of age), or autistic disorder (5 to 17 years of age) are presented in Table 5.
Table 5Change in Fasting Lipids From Three Placebo-Controlled, 3 to 6 Week, Fixed-Dose Studies in Children and Adolescents With Schizophrenia (13 to 17 Years of Age), Bipolar Mania (10 to 17 Years of Age), or Autistic Disorder (5 to 17 Years of Age)
Placebo
RISPERIDONE0.5 to 6 mg/day
Mean change from baseline (mg/dL)
Cholesterol
n=74
n=133
Change from baseline
0.3
-0.3
LDL
n=22
n=22
Change from baseline
3.7
0.5
HDL
n=22
n=22
Change from baseline
1.6
-1.9
Triglycerides
n=77
n=138
Change from baseline
-9
-2.6
Placebo
RISPERIDONE0.5 to 6 mg/day
Proportion of patients with shifts
Cholesterol (<170 mg/dL to             ≥200 mg/dL)
2.4%(1/42)
3.8%(3/80)
LDL (<110 mg/dL to             ≥130 mg/dL)
0%(0/16)
0%(0/16)
HDL (≥40 mg/dL to <40 mg/dL)
0%(0/19)
10%(2/20)
Triglycerides (<150 mg/dL to             ≥200 mg/dL)
1.5%(1/65)
7.1%(8/113)
In longer-term, uncontrolled, open-label extension pediatric studies, RISPERIDONE was associated with a mean change in (a) fasting cholesterol of +2.1 mg/dL at Week 24 (n = 114); (b) fasting LDL of -0.2 mg/dL at Week 24 (n=103); (c) fasting HDL of +0.4 mg/dL at Week 24 (n = 103); and (d) fasting triglycerides of +6.8 mg/dL at Week 24 (n = 120).
Weight Gain
Weight gain has been observed with atypical antipsychotic use. Clinical monitoring of weight is recommended.
Data on mean changes in body weight and the proportion of subjects meeting a weight gain criterion of 7% or greater of body weight from 7 placebo-controlled, 3- to 8- week, fixed- or flexible-dose studies in adult subjects with schizophrenia or bipolar mania are presented in Table 6.
Table 6Mean Change in Body Weight (kg) and the Proportion of Subjects with ≥7% Gain in Body Weight From Seven Placebo-Controlled, 3 to 8 Week, Fixed-or Flexible-Dose Studies in Adult Subjects With Schizophrenia or Bipolar Mania
RISPERIDONE
Placebo
1 to 8 mg/day
>8 to 16 mg/day
(n = 597)
(n = 769)
(n = 158)
Weight (kg)Â
Change from baselineÂ
-0.3
0.7
2.2
Weight GainÂ
≥7% increase from baselineÂ
2.9%
8.7%
20.9%
In longer-term, controlled and uncontrolled studies, RISPERIDONE was associated with a mean change in weight of +4.3 kg at Week 24 (n = 395) and +5.3 kg at Week 48 (n = 203).
Data on mean changes in body weight and the proportion of subjects meeting the criterion of ≥7% gain in body weight from nine placebo-controlled, 3- to 8-week, fixed-dose studies in children and adolescents with schizophrenia (13 to 17 years of age), bipolar mania (10 to 17 years of age), autistic disorder (5 to 17 years of age), or other psychiatric disorders (5 to 17 years of age) are presented in Table 7.
Table 7Mean Change in Body Weight (kg) and the Proportion of Subjects With ≥ 7% Gain in Body Weight From Nine Placebo-Controlled, 3 to 8 Week, Fixed-Dose Studies in Children and Adolescents With Schizophrenia (13 to 17 Years of Age), Bipolar Mania (10 to 17 Years of Age), Autistic Disorder (5 to 17 Years of Age) or Other Psychiatric Disorders (5 to 17 Years of Age)
Placebo
RISPERIDONE0.5 to 6 mg/day
(n=375)
(n=448)
Weight (kg)Â
Change from baselineÂ
0.6Â
2
Weight GainÂ
≥7% increase from baselineÂ
6.9%Â
32.6%Â
In longer-term, uncontrolled, open-label extension pediatric studies, RISPERIDONE was associated with a mean change in weight of +5.5 kg at Week 24 (n = 748) and +8 kg at Week 48 (n = 242).
In a long-term, open-label extension study in adolescent patients with schizophrenia, weight increase was reported as a treatment-emergent adverse event in 14% of patients. In 103 adolescent patients with schizophrenia, a mean increase of 9 kg was observed after 8 months of RISPERIDONE treatment. The majority of that increase was observed within the first 6 months. The average percentiles at baseline and 8 months, respectively, were 56 and 72 for weight, 55 and 58 for height, and 51 and 71 for body mass index.
In long-term, open-label trials (studies in patients with autistic disorder or other psychiatric disorders), a mean increase of 7.5 kg after 12 months of RISPERIDONE treatment was observed, which was higher than the expected normal weight gain (approximately 3 to 3.5 kg per year adjusted for age, based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention normative data). The majority of that increase occurred within the first 6 months of exposure to RISPERIDONE. The average percentiles at baseline and 12 months, respectively, were 49 and 60 for weight, 48 and 53 for height, and 50 and 62 for body mass index.
In one 3 week, placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescent patients with acute manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder, increases in body weight were higher in the RISPERIDONE groups than the placebo group, but not dose related (1.90 kg in the RISPERIDONE 0.5 to 2.5 mg group, 1.44 kg in the RISPERIDONE 3 to 6 mg group, and 0.65 kg in the placebo group). A similar trend was observed in the mean change from baseline in body mass index.
When treating pediatric patients with RISPERIDONE for any indication, weight gain should be assessed against that expected with normal growth.
5.6 Hyperprolactinemia
As with other drugs that antagonize dopamine D2 receptors, RISPERIDONE elevates prolactin levels and the elevation persists during chronic administration. RISPERIDONE is associated with higher levels of prolactin elevation than other antipsychotic agents.
Hyperprolactinemia may suppress hypothalamic GnRH, resulting in reduced pituitary gonadotropin secretion. This, in turn, may inhibit reproductive function by impairing gonadal steroidogenesis in both female and male patients. Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, and impotence have been reported in patients receiving prolactin-elevating compounds. Long standing hyperprolactinemia when associated with hypogonadism may lead to decreased bone density in both female and male subjects.
Tissue culture experiments indicate that approximately one-third of human breast cancers are prolactin dependent in vitro, a factor of potential importance if the prescription of these drugs is contemplated in a patient with previously detected breast cancer. An increase in pituitary gland, mammary gland, and pancreatic islet cell neoplasia (mammary adenocarcinomas, pituitary and pancreatic adenomas) was observed in the risperidone carcinogenicity studies conducted in mice and rats [see Non-Clinical Toxicology (13.1)]. Neither clinical studies nor epidemiologic studies conducted to date have shown an association between chronic administration of this class of drugs and tumorigenesis in humans; the available evidence is considered too limited to be conclusive at this time.
5.7 Orthostatic Hypotension
RISPERIDONE may induce orthostatic hypotension associated with dizziness, tachycardia, and in some patients, syncope, especially during the initial dose-titration period, probably reflecting its alpha-adrenergic antagonistic properties. Syncope was reported in 0.2% (6/2607) of RISPERIDONE-treated patients in Phase 2 and 3 studies in adults with schizophrenia. The risk of orthostatic hypotension and syncope may be minimized by limiting the initial dose to 2 mg total (either once daily or 1 mg twice daily) in normal adults and 0.5 mg twice daily in the elderly and patients with renal or hepatic impairment [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.1, 2.4)]. Monitoring of orthostatic vital signs should be considered in patients for whom this is of concern. A dose reduction should be considered if hypotension occurs. RISPERIDONE should be used with particular caution in patients with known cardiovascular disease (history of myocardial infarction or ischemia, heart failure, or conduction abnormalities), cerebrovascular disease, and conditions which would predispose patients to hypotension, e.g., dehydration and hypovolemia. Clinically significant hypotension has been observed with concomitant use of RISPERIDONE and antihypertensive medication.
5.8 Leukopenia, Neutropenia, and Agranulocytosis
Class Effect
In clinical trial and/or postmarketing experience, events of leukopenia/neutropenia have been reported temporally related to antipsychotic agents, including RISPERIDONE. Agranulocytosis has also been reported.
Possible risk factors for leukopenia/neutropenia include pre-existing low white blood cell count (WBC) and history of drug-induced leukopenia/neutropenia. Patients with a history of a clinically significant low WBC or a drug-induced leukopenia/neutropenia should have their complete blood count (CBC) monitored frequently during the first few months of therapy and discontinuation of RISPERIDONEÂ should be considered at the first sign of a clinically significant decline in WBC in the absence of other causative factors.
Patients with clinically significant neutropenia should be carefully monitored for fever or other symptoms or signs of infection and treated promptly if such symptoms or signs occur. Patients with severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count <1000/mm3) should discontinue RISPERIDONEÂ and have their WBC followed until recovery.
5.9 Potential for Cognitive and Motor Impairment
Somnolence was a commonly reported adverse reaction associated with RISPERIDONE treatment, especially when ascertained by direct questioning of patients. This adverse reaction is dose-related, and in a study utilizing a checkul to detect adverse events, 41% of the high-dose patients (RISPERIDONE 16 mg/day) reported somnolence compared to 16% of placebo patients. Direct questioning is more sensitive for detecting adverse events than spontaneous reporting, by which 8% of RISPERIDONE 16 mg/day patients and 1% of placebo patients reported somnolence as an adverse reaction. Since RISPERIDONE has the potential to impair judgment, thinking, or motor skills, patients should be cautioned about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles, until they are reasonably certain that RISPERIDONE therapy does not affect them adversely.
5.10 Seizures
During premarketing testing in adult patients with schizophrenia, seizures occurred in 0.3% (9/2607) of RISPERIDONE-treated patients, two in association with hyponatremia. RISPERIDONE should be used cautiously in patients with a history of seizures.
5.11 Dysphagia
Esophageal dysmotility and aspiration have been associated with antipsychotic drug use. Aspiration pneumonia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced Alzheimer's dementia. RISPERIDONE and other antipsychotic drugs should be used cautiously in patients at risk for aspiration pneumonia [see also BOXED WARNING and WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.1)].
5.12 Priapism
Priapism has been reported during postmarketing surveillance. Severe priapism may require surgical intervention.
5.13 Body Temperature Regulation
Disruption of body temperature regulation has been attributed to antipsychotic agents. Both hyperthermia and hypothermia have been reported in association with oral RISPERIDONE use. Caution is advised when prescribing for patients who will be exposed to temperature extremes.
6. Adverse Reactions
The most common adverse reactions in clinical trials (> 5% and twice placebo) were parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, tremor, sedation, dizziness, anxiety, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal pain, stomach discomfort, dyspepsia, diarrhea, salivary hypersecretion, constipation, dry mouth, increased appetite, increased weight, fatigue, rash, nasal congestion, upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis, and pharyngolaryngeal pain. (6 )
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Zydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. at 1-877-993-8779 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch
The following are discussed in more detail in other sections of the labeling:
• Increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis [see BOXED WARNINGand WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.1564) ]• Cerebrovascular adverse events, including stroke, in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.2) ]• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.3) ]• Tardive dyskinesia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.4) ]• Metabolic Changes (Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia, and Weight Gain) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.5) ]• Hyperprolactinemia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.6) ]• Orthostatic hypotension [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.7) ]• Leukopenia, neutropenia, and agranulocytosis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.8) ]• Potential for cognitive and motor impairment [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.9) ]• Seizures [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.10) ]• Dysphagia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.11) ]• Priapism [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.12) ]• Disruption of body temperature regulation [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.13) ]
The most common adverse reactions in clinical trials (> 5% and twice placebo) were parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, tremor, sedation, dizziness, anxiety, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal pain, stomach discomfort, dyspepsia, diarrhea, salivary hypersecretion, constipation, dry mouth, increased appetite, increased weight, fatigue, rash, nasal congestion, upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis, and pharyngolaryngeal pain.
The most common adverse reactions that were associated with discontinuation from clinical trials (causing discontinuation in > 1% of adults and/or > 2% of pediatrics) were nausea, somnolence, sedation, vomiting, dizziness, and akathisia [see ADVERSE REACTIONS, DISCONTINUATIONS DUE TO ADVERSE REACTIONSÂ (6.1)].
The data described in this section are derived from a clinical trial database consisting of 9803 adult and pediatric patients exposed to one or more doses of RISPERIDONE for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar mania, autistic disorder, and other psychiatric disorders in pediatrics and elderly patients with dementia. Of these 9803 patients, 2687 were patients who received RISPERIDONE while participating in doubleblind, placebo-controlled trials. The conditions and duration of treatment with RISPERIDONE varied greatly and included (in overlapping categories) doubleblind, fixed- and flexible-dose, placebo- or active-controlled studies and open-label phases of studies, inpatients and outpatients, and short-term (up to 12 weeks) and longer-term (up to 3 years) exposures. Safety was assessed by collecting adverse events and performing physical examinations, vital signs, body weights, laboratory analyses, and ECGs.
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Commonly-Observed Adverse Reactions in Doubleblind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials
Schizophrenia
Adult Patients with Schizophrenia
Table 8 uls the adverse reactions reported in 2% or more of RISPERIDONE-treated adult patients with schizophrenia in three 4 to 8 week, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trials.
Table 8Adverse Reactions in ≥ 2% of RISPERIDONE-Treated Adult Patients (and greater than placebo) with Schizophrenia in Doubleblind, Placebo-Controlled Trials *Parkinsonism includes extrapyramidal disorder, musculoskeletal stiffness, parkinsonism, cogwheel rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, hypokinesia, masked facies, muscle rigidity, and Parkinson’s disease. Akathisia includes akathisia and restlessness. Dystonia includes dystonia, muscle spasms, muscle contractions involuntary, muscle contracture, oculogyration, tongue paralysis. Tremor includes tremor and parkinsonian rest tremor.
Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction RISPERIDONE
System/Organ Class Adverse ReactionÂ
2 to 8 mg per day (N=366)Â
> 8 to 16 mg per day (N=198)
Placebo (N=225)
Cardiac Disorders
TachycardiaÂ
1
3
0
Eye Disorders
Vision blurredÂ
3
1
1
Gastrointestinal Disorders
NauseaÂ
9
4
4
ConstipationÂ
8
9
6
DyspepsiaÂ
8
6
5
Dry mouthÂ
4
0
1
Abdominal discomfortÂ
3
1
1
Salivary hypersecretionÂ
2
1
<1
DiarrheaÂ
2
1
1
General Disorders
FatigueÂ
3
1
0
Chest painÂ
2
2
1
AstheniaÂ
2
1
<1
Infections and Infestations
NasopharyngitisÂ
3
4
3
Upper respiratory tract infectionÂ
2
3
1
SinusitisÂ
1
2
1
Urinary tract infectionÂ
1
3
0
Investigations
Blood creatine phosphokinase increasedÂ
1
2
<1
Heart rate increasedÂ
<1
2
0
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
Back painÂ
4
1
1
ArthralgiaÂ
2
3
<1
Pain in extremityÂ
2
1
1
Nervous System Disorders Parkinsonism*Â
14
17
8
Akathisia*Â
10
10
3
SedationÂ
10
5
2
DizzinessÂ
7
4
2
Dystonia*Â
3Â
4Â
2Â
Tremor*
2
3
1
Dizziness posturalÂ
2Â
0Â
0Â
Psychiatric Disorders
Insomnia
32
25
27
AnxietyÂ
16
11
11
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders
Nasal congestionÂ
4Â
6Â
2Â
Dyspnea
1
2
0
Epistaxis
<Â 1
2
0
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
RashÂ
1
4
1
Dry skinÂ
1
3
0
Vascular Disorders
Orthostatic hypotensionÂ
2
1
0
Pediatric Patients with Schizophrenia
Table 9 uls the adverse reactions reported in 5% or more of RISPERIDONE-treated pediatric patients with schizophrenia in a 6 week doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial.
Table 9Adverse Reactions in ≥ 5% of RISPERIDONE-Treated Pediatric Patients (and greater than placebo) with Schizophrenia in a Doubleblind Trial * Parkinsonism includes extrapyramidal disorder, muscle rigidity, musculoskeletal stiffness, and hypokinesia. Akathisia includes akathisia and restlessness. Dystonia includes dystonia and oculogyration.
Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction RISPERIDONE
System/Organ Class Adverse ReactionÂ
1 to 3 mg per day (N=55)Â
4 to 6 mg per day (N=51)Â
Placebo (N=54)
Gastrointestinal DisordersÂ
Salivary hypersecretionÂ
0
10
2
Nervous System DisordersÂ
SedationÂ
24
12
4
Parkinsonism*Â
16
28
11
TremorÂ
11
10
6
Akathisia*Â
9
10
4
DizzinessÂ
7
14
2
Dystonia*Â
2
6
0
Psychiatric DisordersÂ
AnxietyÂ
7
6
0
Commonly-Observed Adverse Reactions in Doubleblind, Placebo-Controlled ClinicalTrials
Bipolar Mania
Adult Patients with Bipolar Mania
Table 10 uls the adverse reactions reported in 2% or more of RISPERIDONE-treated adult patients with bipolar mania in four 3 week, doubleblind, placebo-controlled monotherapy trials.
Table 10Adverse Reactions in >2% of RISPERIDONE-Treated Adult Patients (and greater than placebo) with Bipolar Mania in Doubleblind, Placebo-Controlled Monotherapy Trials *Parkinsonism includes extrapyramidal disorder, parkinsonism, musculoskeletal stiffness, hypokinesia, muscle rigidity, muscle tightness, bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity. Akathisia includes akathisia and restlessness. Tremor includes tremor and parkinsonian rest tremor. Dystonia includes dystonia, muscle spasms, oculogyration, torticollis.
System/Organ Class Adverse ReactionÂ
Percentage of Patients Reporting ReactionÂ
RISPERIDONE  1 to 6 mg per day (N=448)Â
Placebo (N=424)
Eye Disorders
Vision blurredÂ
2Â
1Â
Gastrointestinal DisordersÂ
NauseaÂ
5Â
2Â
DiarrheaÂ
3Â
2Â
Salivary hypersecretionÂ
3Â
1Â
Stomach discomfortÂ
2Â
<1Â
General DisordersÂ
FatigueÂ
2Â
1Â
Nervous System DisordersÂ
Parkinsonism*Â
25Â
9Â
SedationÂ
11Â
4Â
Akathisia*Â
9Â
3Â
Tremor*Â
6Â
3Â
DizzinessÂ
6Â
5Â
Dystonia*Â
5Â
1Â
LethargyÂ
2Â
1Â
Table 11 uls the adverse reactions reported in 2% or more of RISPERIDONE-treated adult patients with bipolar mania in two 3 week, doubleblind, placebo-controlled adjuvant therapy trials.
Pediatric Patients with Bipolar Mania
Table 12 uls the adverse reactions reported in 5% or more of RISPERIDONE-treated pediatric patients with bipolar mania in a 3 week doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial.
Table 11Adverse Reactions in ≥ 2% of RISPERIDONE-Treated Adult Patients (and greater than placebo) with Bipolar Mania in Doubleblind, Placebo-Controlled Adjunctive Therapy Trials * Parkinsonism includes extrapyramidal disorder, hypokinesia and bradykinesia. Akathisia includes hyperkinesiaand akathisia.
Percentage of Patients Reporting ReactionÂ
RISPERIDONE + Mood Stabilizer
Placebo + Mood Stabilizer
System/Organ ClassÂ
Adverse ReactionÂ
(N=127)
(N=126)
Cardiac Disorders
PalpitationsÂ
2
0
Gastrointestinal Disorders
DyspepsiaÂ
9
8
NauseaÂ
6
4
DiarrheaÂ
6
4
Salivary hypersecretionÂ
2
0
General Disorders
Chest painÂ
2
1
Infections and Infestations
Urinary tract infectionÂ
2
1
Nervous System Disorders
Parkinsonism*Â
14
4
SedationÂ
9
4
Akathisia*Â
8
0
DizzinessÂ
7
2
TremorÂ
6
2
LethargyÂ
2
1
Psychiatric Disorders
AnxietyÂ
3
2
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders
Pharyngolaryngeal painÂ
5
2
CoughÂ
2
0
Pediatric Patients with Bipolar Mania
Table 12 uls the adverse reactions reported in 5% or more of RISPERIDONE-treated pediatric patients with bipolar mania in a 3 week doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial.
Table 12Adverse Reactions in ≥ 5% of RISPERIDONE-Treated Pediatric Patients (and greater than placebo) with Bipolar Mania in Doubleblind, Placebo-Controlled Trials * Parkinsonism includes musculoskeletal stiffness, extrapyramidal disorder, bradykinesia, and nuchal rigidity. Dystonia includes dystonia, laryngospasm, and muscle spasms. Akathisia includes restlessness and akathisia.
Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction
RISPERIDONE
System/Organ Class Adverse ReactionÂ
0.5 to 2.5 mg per day (N=50)
3 to 6 mg per Day (N=61)
Placebo (N=58)
Eye Disorders
Vision blurredÂ
4
7
0
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Abdominal pain upperÂ
16
13
5
NauseaÂ
16
13
7
VomitingÂ
10
10
5
DiarrheaÂ
8
7
2
DyspepsiaÂ
10
3
2
Stomach discomfortÂ
6
0
2
General Disorders
FatigueÂ
18
30
3
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
Increased appetiteÂ
4
7
2
Nervous System Disorders
SedationÂ
42
56
19
DizzinessÂ
16
13
5
Parkinsonism*Â
6
12
3
Dystonia*Â
6
5
0
Akathisia*Â
0
8
2
Psychiatric Disorders
AnxietyÂ
0
8
3
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders
Pharyngolaryngeal painÂ
10
3
5
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
RashÂ
0
7
2
Commonly-Observed Adverse Reactions in Doubleblind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials
Autistic Disorder
Table 13 uls the adverse reactions reported in 5% or more of RISPERIDONE-treated pediatric patients treated for irritability associated with autistic disorder in two 8 week, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trials and one 6 week doubleblind, placebo-controlled study.
Table 13Adverse Reactions in ≥ 5% of RISPERIDONE-Treated Pediatric Patients (and greater than placebo) Treated for Irritability Associated with Autistic Disorder in Doubleblind, Placebo-Controlled Trials *Parkinsonism includes musculoskeletal stiffness, extrapyramidal disorder, muscle rigidity, cogwheel rigidity, and muscle tightness.
Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction RISPERIDONE
System/Organ Class Adverse Reaction
0.5 to 4 mg/day (N=107)
Placebo (N=115)
Gastrointestinal DisordersÂ
VomitingÂ
20
17
ConstipationÂ
17
6
Dry mouthÂ
10
4
NauseaÂ
8
5
Salivary hypersecretionÂ
7
1
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions
FatigueÂ
31
9
PyrexiaÂ
16
13
ThirstÂ
7
4
Infections and InfestationsÂ
NasopharyngitisÂ
19
9
RhinitisÂ
9
7
Upper respiratory tract infectionÂ
8
3
Investigations
Weight increasedÂ
8
2
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
Increased appetiteÂ
44
15
Nervous System Disorders
SedationÂ
63
15
DroolingÂ
12
4
HeadacheÂ
12
10
TremorÂ
8
1
DizzinessÂ
8
2
Parkinsonism*Â
8
1
Renal and Urinary Disorders
EnuresisÂ
16
10
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders
CoughÂ
17
12
RhinorrheaÂ
12
10
Nasal congestionÂ
10
4
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
RashÂ
8
5
Other Adverse Reactions Observed During the Clinical Trial Evaluation of Risperidone
The following additional adverse reactions occurred across all placebo-controlled, activecontrolled, and open-label studies of RISPERIDONE in adults and pediatric patients.
Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders
Anemia, granulocytopenia, neutropenia
Cardiac Disorders
Sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, atrioventricular block first degree, bundle branch block left, bundle branch block right, atrioventricular block
Ear and Labyrinth Disorders
Ear pain, tinnitus
Endocrine Disorders
Hyperprolactinemia
Eye Disorders
Ocular hyperemia, eye discharge, conjunctivitis, eye rolling, eyelid edema, eye swelling, eyelid margin crusting, dry eye, lacrimation increased, photophobia, glaucoma, visual acuity reduced
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Dysphagia, fecaloma, fecal incontinence, gastritis, lip swelling, cheilitis, aptyalism
General Disorders
Edema peripheral, thirst, gait disturbance, influenza-like illness, pitting edema, edema, chills, sluggishness, malaise, chest discomfort, face edema, discomfort, generalized edema, drug withdrawal syndrome, peripheral coldness, feeling abnormal
Immune System Disorders
Drug hypersensitivity
Infections and Infestations
Pneumonia, influenza, ear infection, viral infection, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, eye infection, localized infection, cystitis, cellulitis, otitis media, onychomycosis, acarodermatitis, bronchopneumonia, respiratory tract infection, tracheobronchitis, otitis media chronic
Investigations
Body temperature increased, blood prolactin increased, alanine aminotransferase increased, electrocardiogram abnormal, eosinophil count increased, white blood cell count decreased, blood glucose increased, hemoglobin decreased, hematocrit decreased, body temperature decreased, blood pressure decreased, transaminases increased
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders
Decreased appetite, polydipsia, anorexia
Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
Joint stiffness, joint swelling, musculoskeletal chest pain, posture abnormal, myalgia, neck pain, muscular weakness, rhabdomyolysis
Nervous System Disorders
Balance disorder, disturbance in attention, dysarthria, unresponsive to stimuli, depressed level of consciousness, movement disorder, transient ischemic attack, coordination abnormal, cerebrovascular accident, speech disorder, syncope, loss of consciousness, hypoesthesia, tardive dyskinesia, dyskinesia, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular disorder, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, diabetic coma, head titubation
Psychiatric Disorders
Agitation, blunted affect, confusional state, middle insomnia, nervousness, sleep disorder, ullessness, libido decreased, and anorgasmia
Renal and Urinary Disorders
Enuresis, dysuria, pollakiuria, urinary incontinence
Reproductive System and Breast Disorders
Menstruation irregular, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, galactorrhea, vaginal discharge, menstrual disorder, erectile dysfunction, retrograde ejaculation, ejaculation disorder, sexual dysfunction, breast enlargement
Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders
Wheezing, pneumonia aspiration, sinus congestion, dysphonia, productive cough, pulmonary congestion, respiratory tract congestion, rales, respiratory disorder, hyperventilation, nasal edema
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
Erythema, skin discoloration, skin lesion, pruritus, skin disorder, rash erythematous, rash papular, rash generalized, rash maculopapular, acne, hyperkeratosis, seborrheic dermatitis
Vascular Disorders
Hypotension, flushing
Additional Adverse Reactions Reported with RISPERIDONE CONSTA®
The following is a ul of additional adverse reactions that have been reported during the premarketing evaluation of RISPERIDONE CONSTA®, regardless of frequency of occurrence:
Cardiac Disorders
Bradycardia
Ear and Labyrinth Disorders
Vertigo
Eye Disorders
Blepharospasm
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Toothache, tongue spasm
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions
Pain
Infections and Infestations
Lower respiratory tract infection, infection, gastroenteritis, subcutaneous abscess
Injury and Poisoning
Fall
Investigations
Weight decreased, gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, hepatic enzyme increased
Musculoskeletal, Connective Tissue, and Bone Disorders
Buttock pain
Nervous System Disorders
Convulsion, paresthesia
Psychiatric Disorders
Depression
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders
Eczema
Vascular Disorders
Hypertension
Discontinuations Due to Adverse Reactions
Schizophrenia
Adults
Approximately 7% (39/564) of RISPERIDONE-treated patients in doubleblind, placebocontrolled trials discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction, compared with 4% (10/225) who were receiving placebo. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuation in 2 or more RISPERIDONE-treated patients were:
Table 14Adverse Reactions Associated With Discontinuation in 2 or More RISPERIDONE- Treated Adult Patients in Schizophrenia Trials
RISPERIDONE
Adverse ReactionÂ
2 to 8 mg/day (N=366)
>8 to 16 mg/day (N=198)
Placebo (N=225)
DizzinessÂ
1.4%
1%
0%
NauseaÂ
1.4%
0%
0%
VomitingÂ
0.8%
0%
0%
Parkinsonism
0.8%
0%
0%
SomnolenceÂ
0.8%
0%
0%
DystoniaÂ
0.5%
0%
0%
AgitationÂ
0.5%
0%
0%
Abdominal painÂ
0.5%
0%
0%
Orthostatic hypotensionÂ
0.3%
0.5%
0%
AkathisiaÂ
0.3%
2%
0%
Discontinuation for extrapyramidal symptoms (including Parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia) was 1% in placebo-treated patients, and 3.4% in active control-treated patients in a doubleblind, placebo- and active-controlled trial.
Schizophrenia
Pediatrics
Approximately 7% (7/106), of RISPERIDONE-treated patients discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction in a doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial, compared with 4% (2/54) placebo-treated patients. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuation for at least one RISPERIDONE-treated patient were dizziness (2%), somnolence (1%), sedation (1%), lethargy (1%), anxiety (1%), balance disorder (1%), hypotension (1%), and palpitation (1%).
Bipolar Mania
Adults
In doubleblind, placebo-controlled trials with RISPERIDONE as monotherapy, approximately 6% (25/448) of RISPERIDONE-treated patients discontinued treatment due to an adverse event, compared with approximately 5% (19/424) of placebo-treated patients. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuation in RISPERIDONE-treated patients were:
Table 15Adverse Reactions Associated With Discontinuation in 2 or More RISPERIDONE- Treated Adult Patients in Bipolar Mania Clinical Trials
Adverse Reaction
RISPERIDONE
1 to 6 mg/day (N=448)
Placebo (N=424)
Parkinsonism
0.4%
0%
Lethargy
0.2%
0%
DizzinessÂ
0.2%
0%
Alanine aminotransferase increasedÂ
0.2%
0.2%
Aspartate aminotransferase increasedÂ
0.2%
0.2%
Bipolar Mania
Pediatrics
In a doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial 12% (13/111) of RISPERIDONE-treated patients discontinued due to an adverse reaction, compared with 7% (4/58) of placebo-treated patients. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuation in more than one RISPERIDONE-treated pediatric patient were nausea (3%), somnolence (2%), sedation (2%), and vomiting (2%).
Autistic Disorder
Pediatrics
In the two 8 week, placebo-controlled trials in pediatric patients treated for irritability associated with autistic disorder (n = 156), one RISPERIDONE-treated patient discontinued due to an adverse reaction (Parkinsonism), and one placebo-treated patient discontinued due to an adverse event.
Dose Dependency of Adverse Reactions in Clinical Trials
Extrapyramidal Symptoms
Data from two fixed-dose trials in adults with schizophrenia provided evidence of doserelatedness for extrapyramidal symptoms associated with RISPERIDONE-treatment. Two methods were used to measure extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in an 8 week trial comparing 4 fixed doses of RISPERIDONE (2, 6, 10, and 16 mg/day), including (1) a Parkinsonism score (mean change from baseline) from the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale, and (2) incidence of spontaneous complaints of EPS:
Table 16
Dose Groups
Placebo
RISPERIDONEÂ 2Â mg
RISPERIDONEÂ 6Â mg
RISPERIDONEÂ 10Â mg
RISPERIDONEÂ 16Â mg
Parkinsonism
1.2
0.9
1.8
2.4
2.6
EPSÂ Incidence
13%
17%
21%
21%
35%
Similar methods were used to measure extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in an 8 week trial comparing 5 fixed doses of RISPERIDONE (1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mg/day):
Table 17
Dose GroupsÂ
RISPERIDONEÂ 1Â mg
RISPERIDONEÂ 4Â mg
RISPERIDONEÂ 8Â mg
RISPERIDONEÂ 12Â mg
RISPERIDONEÂ 16Â mg
ParkinsonismÂ
0.6
1.7
2.4
2.9
4.1
EPSÂ IncidenceÂ
7%
12%
17%
18%
20%
Dystonia
Class Effect
Symptoms of dystonia, prolonged abnormal contractions of muscle groups, may occur in susceptible individuals during the first few days of treatment. Dystonic symptoms include: spasm of the neck muscles, sometimes progressing to tightness of the throat, swallowing difficulty, difficulty breathing, and/or protrusion of the tongue. While these symptoms can occur at low doses, they occur more frequently and with greater severity with high potency and at higher doses of first generation antipsychotic drugs. An elevated risk of acute dystonia is observed in males and younger age groups.
Other Adverse Reactions
Adverse event data elicited by a checkul for side effects from a large study comparing 5 fixed doses of RISPERIDONE (1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mg/day) were explored for dose-relatedness of adverse events. A Cochran-Armitage Test for trend in these data revealed a positive trend (p < 0.05) for the following adverse reactions: somnolence, vision abnormal, dizziness, palpitations, weight increase, erectile dysfunction, ejaculation disorder, sexual function abnormal, fatigue, and skin discoloration.
Changes in Body Weight
Weight gain was observed in short-term, controlled trials and longer-term uncontrolled studies in adult and pediatric patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.5), ADVERSE REACTIONS (6), AND USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.4)].
Changes in ECG Parameters
Between-group comparisons for pooled placebo-controlled trials in adults revealed no statistically significant differences between risperidone and placebo in mean changes from baseline in ECG parameters, including QT, QTc, and PR intervals, and heart rate. When all RISPERIDONE doses were pooled from randomized controlled trials in several indications, there was a mean increase in heart rate of 1 beat per minute compared to no change for placebo patients. In short-term schizophrenia trials, higher doses of risperidone (8 to 16 mg/day) were associated with a higher mean increase in heart rate compared to placebo (4 to 6 beats per minute). In pooled placebo-controlled acute mania trials in adults, there were small decreases in mean heart rate, similar among all treatment groups.
In the two placebo-controlled trials in children and adolescents with autistic disorder (aged 5 to 16 years) mean changes in heart rate were an increase of 8.4 beats per minute in the RISPERIDONE groups and 6.5 beats per minute in the placebo group. There were no other notable ECG changes.
In a placebo-controlled acute mania trial in children and adolescents (aged 10 to 17 years), there were no significant changes in ECG parameters, other than the effect of RISPERIDONE to transiently increase pulse rate (< 6 beats per minute). In two controlled schizophrenia trials in adolescents (aged 13 to 17 years), there were no clinically meaningful changes in ECG parameters including corrected QT intervals between treatment groups or within treatment groups over time.
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of risperidone. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. These adverse reactions include: alopecia, anaphylactic reaction, angioedema, atrial fibrillation, cardiopulmonary arrest, diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with impaired glucose metabolism, dysgeusia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, ileus, inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, intestinal obstruction, jaundice, mania, pancreatitis, pituitary adenoma, precocious puberty, pulmonary embolism, QT prolongation, sleep apnea syndrome, sudden death, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, urinary retention, and water intoxication
7. Drug Interactions
• Carbamazepine and other enzyme inducers decrease plasma concentrations of risperidone. Increase the RISPERIDONE dose up to double the patient's usual dose. Titrate slowly. (7.1 )• Fluoxetine, paroxetine, and other CYP 2D6 enzyme inhibitors increase plasma concentrations of risperidone. Reduce the initial dose. Do not exceed a final dose of 8 mg per day of RISPERIDONE. (7.1 )7.1 Pharmacokinetic-related Interactions
The dose of RISPERIDONE should be adjusted when used in combination with CYP2D6 enzyme inhibitors (e.g., fluoxetine, and paroxetine) and enzyme inducers (e.g., carbamazepine) [see Table 18 and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONÂ (2.5)]. Dose adjustment is not recommended for RISPERIDONE when coadministered with ranitidine, cimetidine, amitriptyline, or erythromycin [see Table 18].
Table 18Summary of Effect of Coadministered Drugs on Exposure to Active Moiety(Risperidone + 9-Hydroxy-Risperidone) in Healthy Subjects or Patients withSchizophrenia *Change relative to reference
Coadministered Drug
Dosing Schedule
Effect on ActiveMoiety(Risperidone + 9-Hydroxy-Risperidone (Ratio*)
Risperidone DoseRecommendation
Coadministered Drug
Risperidone
AUC
Cmax
Enzyme (CYP2D6) InhibitorsÂ
FluoxetineÂ
20Â mg/day
2 or 3 mg twicedaily
1.4
1.5
Re-evaluate dosing. Do not exceed 8 mg/day
ParoxetineÂ
10Â mg/day
4Â mg/day
1.3
-
Re-evaluate dosing.Â
20Â mg/day
4Â mg/day
1.6
-
Do not exceed 8 mg/day
40Â mg/day
4Â mg/day
1.8
-
Enzyme (CYP3A/ PgP inducers)Â
CarbamazepineÂ
573 ± 168 mg/day
3 mg twice daily
0.51
0.55
Titrate dose upwards.Do not exceed twice the patient’s usual dose
Enzyme (CYP3A) InhibitorsÂ
RanitidineÂ
150 mg twice daily
1 mg single dose
1.2
1.4
Dose adjustment notneeded
CimetidineÂ
400 mg twice daily
1 mg single dose
1.1
1.3
Dose adjustment notneeded
ErythromycinÂ
500 mg four timesdaily
1 mg single dose
1.1
0.94
Dose adjustment notneeded
Other DrugsÂ
AmitriptylineÂ
50 mg twice daily
3 mg twice daily
1.2
1.1
Dose adjustment notneeded
Effect of Risperidone on other drugs
Lithium
Repeated oral doses of RISPERIDONE (3 mg twice daily) did not affect the exposure (AUC) or peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of lithium (n=13). Dose adjustment for lithium is not recommended.
Valproate
Repeated oral doses of RISPERIDONE (4 mg once daily) did not affect the pre-dose or average plasma concentrations and exposure (AUC) of valproate (1000 mg/day in three divided doses) compared to placebo (n=21). However, there was a 20% increase in valproate peak plasma concentration (Cmax) after concomitant administration of RISPERIDONE. Dose adjustment for valproate is not recommended.
Digoxin
RISPERIDONE (0.25 mg twice daily) did not show a clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Dose adjustment for digoxin is not recommended.
7.2 Pharmacodynamic-related Interactions
Centrally-Acting Drugs and Alcohol
Given the primary CNS effects of risperidone, caution should be used when RISPERIDONE is taken in combination with other centrally-acting drugs and alcohol.
Drugs with Hypotensive Effects
Because of its potential for inducing hypotension, RISPERIDONE may enhance the hypotensive effects of other therapeutic agents with this potential.
Levodopa and Dopamine Agonists
RISPERIDONE may antagonize the effects of levodopa and dopamine agonists.
Clozapine
Chronic administration of clozapine with RISPERIDONE may decrease the clearance of risperidone.
8. Use In Specific Populations
• Pregnancy: Based on animal data, may cause fetal harm. (8.1 )• Nursing Mothers: Discontinue drug or nursing, taking into consideration the importance of drug to the mother. (8.3 )8.1 Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category C.
Risk Summary
Adequate and well controlled studies with RISPERIDONE have not been conducted in pregnant women. Neonates exposed to antipsychotic drugs (including RISPERIDONE) during the third trimester of pregnancy are at risk for extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms following delivery. There was no increase in the incidence of malformations in embryo-fetal studies in rats and rabbits at 0.4 to 6 times MHRD. Increased pup mortality was noted at all doses in peripostnatal studies in rats. RISPERIDONE should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Clinical Considerations
Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions
Monitor neonates exhibiting extrapyramidal or withdrawal symptoms. Some neonates recover within hours or days without specific treatment; others may require prolonged hospitalization.
Data
Human Data
There have been reports of agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress, and feeding disorder in neonates following in utero exposure to antipsychotics in the third trimester. These complications have varied in severity; while in some cases symptoms have been self-limited, in other cases neonates have required intensive care unit support and prolonged hospitalization.
There was one report of a case of agenesis of the corpus callosum in an infant exposed to risperidone in utero. The causal relationship to RISPERIDONE therapy is unknown
Animal Data
The teratogenic potential of risperidone was studied in three Segment II studies in Sprague- Dawley and Wistar rats (0.63 to 10 mg/kg or 0.4 to 6 times the maximum recommended human dose [MRHD] on a mg/m2 body surface area basis) and in one Segment II study in New Zealand rabbits (0.31 to 5 mg/kg or 0.4 to 6 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 body surface area basis). There were no teratogenic effects in offspring of rats or rabbits given 0.4 to 6 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 body surface area basis. In three reproductive studies in rats (two Segment III and a multigenerational study), there was an increase in pup deaths during the first 4 days of lactation at doses of 0.16 to 5 mg/kg or 0.1 to 3 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 body surface area basis. It is not known whether these deaths were due to a direct effect on the fetuses or pups or to effects on the dams.
There was no no-effect dose for increased rat pup mortality. In one Segment III study, there was an increase in stillborn rat pups at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg or 1.5 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 body surface area basis. In a cross-fostering study in Wistar rats, toxic effects on the fetus or pups were observed, as evidenced by a decrease in the number of live pups and an increase in the number of dead pups at birth (Day 0), and a decrease in birth weight in pups of drug-treated dams. In addition, there was an increase in deaths by Day 1 among pups of drug-treated dams, regardless of whether or not the pups were cross-fostered. Risperidone also appeared to impair maternal behavior in that pup body weight gain and survival (from Day 1 to 4 of lactation) were reduced in pups born to control but reared by drug-treated dams. These effects were all noted at the one dose of risperidone tested, i.e., 5 mg/kg or 3 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 body surface area basis.Placental transfer of risperidone occurs in rat pups.
8.2 Labor and Delivery
The effect of RISPERIDONE on labor and delivery in humans is unknown.
8.3 Nursing Mothers
Risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone are present in human breastmilk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from risperidone, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
8.4 Pediatric Use
Approved Pediatric Indications
Schizophrenia
The efficacy and safety of RISPERIDONE in the treatment of schizophrenia were demonstrated in 417 adolescents, aged 13 to 17 years, in two short-term (6 and 8 weeks, respectively) doubleblind controlled trials [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.1), ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.1), AND CLINICAL STUDIES (14.1)]. Additional safety and efficacy information was also assessed in one long-term (6 month) open-label extension study in 284 of these adolescent patients with schizophrenia.
Safety and effectiveness of RISPERIDONE in children less than 13 years of age with schizophrenia have not been established.
Bipolar I Disorder
The efficacy and safety of RISPERIDONE in the short-term treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder in 169 children and adolescent patients, aged 10 to 17 years, were demonstrated in one doubleblind, placebo-controlled, 3 week trial [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.2), ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.1), AND CLINICAL STUDIES (14.2)].
Safety and effectiveness of RISPERIDONE in children less than 10 years of age with bipolar disorder have not been established.
Autistic Disorder
The efficacy and safety of RISPERIDONE in the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder were established in two 8 week, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trials in 156 children and adolescent patients, aged 5 to 16 years [see INDICATIONS AND USAGE (1.3), ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.1) AND CLINICAL STUDIES (14.4)]. Additional safety information was also assessed in a long-term study in patients with autistic disorder, or in short- and long-term studies in more than 1200 pediatric patients with psychiatric disorders other than autistic disorder, schizophrenia, or bipolar mania who were of similar age and weight, and who received similar dosages of RISPERIDONE as patients treated for irritability associated with autistic disorder.
A third study was a 6 week, multicenter, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, fixeddose study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a lower than recommended dose of risperidone in subjects 5 to 17 years of age with autistic disorder and associated irritability, and related behavioral symptoms. There were two weight-based, fixed doses of risperidone (high-dose and low-dose). The high dose was 1.25 mg per day for patients weighing 20 to < 45 kg, and it was 1.75 mg per day for patients weighing > 45 kg. The low dose was 0.125 mg per day for patients for patients weighing 20 to < 45 kg, and it was 0.175 mg per day for patients weighing > 45 kg. The study demonstrated the efficacy of high-dose risperidone, but it did not demonstrate efficacy for low-dose risperidone.
Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients
Tardive Dyskinesia
In clinical trials in 1885 children and adolescents treated with RISPERIDONE, 2 (0.1%) patients were reported to have tardive dyskinesia, which resolved on discontinuation of RISPERIDONE treatment [see also WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.4)].
Weight Gain
Weight gain has been observed in children and adolescents during treatment with RISPERIDONE. Clinical monitoring of weight is recommended during treatment.
Data derive from short-term placebo-controlled trials and longer-term uncontrolled studies in pediatric patients (ages 5 to 17 years) with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autistic disorder, or other psychiatric disorders. In the short-term trials (3 to 8 weeks), the mean weight gain for RISPERIDONE-treated patients was 2 kg, compared to 0.6 kg for placebo-treated patients. In these trials, approximately 33% of the RISPERIDONE group had weight gain > 7%, compared to 7% in the placebo group. In longer-term, uncontrolled, open-label pediatric studies, the mean weight gain was 5.5 kg at Week 24 and 8 kg at Week 48 [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.5) AND ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.1)].
Somnolence
Somnolence was frequently observed in placebo-controlled clinical trials of pediatric patients with autistic disorder. Most cases were mild or moderate in severity. These events were most often of early onset with peak incidence occurring during the first two weeks of treatment, and transient with a median duration of 16 days. Somnolence was the most commonly observed adverse reaction in the clinical trial of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, as well as in the schizophrenia trials in adolescents. As was seen in the autistic disorder trials, these adverse reactions were most often of early onset and transient in duration [see ADVERSE REACTIONS (6.1AND 6.2)]. Patients experiencing persistent somnolence may benefit from a change in dosing regimen [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.1, 2.2, AND 2.3)].
Hyperprolactinemia
RISPERIDONE has been shown to elevate prolactin levels in children and adolescents as well as in adults [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.6)]. In doubleblind, placebo-controlled studies of up to 8 weeks duration in children and adolescents (aged 5 to 17 years) with autistic disorder or psychiatric disorders other than autistic disorder, schizophrenia, or bipolar mania, 49% of patients who received RISPERIDONE had elevated prolactin levels compared to 2% of patients who received placebo. Similarly, in placebo-controlled trials in children and adolescents (aged 10 to 17 years) with bipolar disorder, or adolescents (aged 13 to 17 years) with schizophrenia, 82 to 87% of patients who received RISPERIDONE had elevated levels of prolactin compared to 3 to 7% of patients on placebo. Increases were dose-dependent and generally greater in females than in males across indications.
In clinical trials in 1885 children and adolescents, galactorrhea was reported in 0.8% of RISPERIDONE-treated patients and gynecomastia was reported in 2.3% of RISPERIDONE-treated patients.
Growth and Sexual Maturation
The long-term effects of RISPERIDONE on growth and sexual maturation have not been fully evaluated in children and adolescents.
Juvenile Animal Studies
Juvenile dogs were treated for 40 weeks with oral risperidone doses of 0.31, 1.25, or 5 mg/kg/day. Decreased bone length and density were seen, with a no-effect dose of 0.31 mg/kg/day. This dose produced plasma levels (AUC) of risperidone plus its active metabolite paliperidone (9-hydroxy-risperidone) which were similar to those in children and adolescents receiving the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 6 mg/day. In addition, a delay in sexual maturation was seen at all doses in both males and females. The above effects showed little or no reversibility in females after a 12 week drug-free recovery period.
In a study in which juvenile rats were treated with oral risperidone from days 12 to 50 of age, a reversible impairment of performance in a test of learning and memory was seen, in females only, with a no-effect dose of 0.63 mg/kg/day. This dose produced plasma levels (AUC) of risperidone plus paliperidone about half those observed in humans at the MRHD. No other consistent effects on neurobehavioral or reproductive development were seen up to the highest testable dose (1.25 mg/kg/day). This dose produced plasma levels (AUC) of risperidone plus paliperidone which were about two thirds of those observed in humans at the MRHD.
8.5 Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of RISPERIDONE in the treatment of schizophrenia did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether or not they respond differently than younger patients. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between elderly and younger patients. In general, a lower starting dose is recommended for an elderly patient, reflecting a decreased pharmacokinetic clearance in the elderly, as well as a greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3) AND DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.4, 2.5)]. While elderly patients exhibit a greater tendency to orthostatic hypotension, its risk in the elderly may be minimized by limiting the initial dose to 0.5 mg twice daily followed by careful titration [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.7)]. Monitoring of orthostatic vital signs should be considered in patients for whom this is of concern.
This drug is substantially excreted by the kidneys, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.4)].
8.6 Renal Impairment
In patients with moderate to severe (Clcr 59 to 15 mL/min) renal disease, clearance of the sum of risperidone and its active metabolite decreased by 60%, compared to young healthy subjects.
RISPERIDONE doses should be reduced in patients with renal disease [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.4)].
8.7 Hepatic Impairment
While the pharmacokinetics of risperidone in subjects with liver disease were comparable to those in young healthy subjects, the mean free fraction of risperidone in plasma was increased by about 35% because of the diminished concentration of both albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein. RISPERIDONE doses should be reduced in patients with liver disease [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION (2.4)].
8.8 Patients with Parkinsons Disease or Lewy Body Dementia
Patients with Parkinson's Disease or Dementia with Lewy Bodies can experience increased sensitivity to RISPERIDONE. Manifestations can include confusion, obtundation, postural instability with frequent falls, extrapyramidal symptoms, and clinical features consistent with neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
9. Drug Abuse And Dependence
9.1 Controlled Substance
RISPERIDONE (risperidone) is not a controlled substance.
9.2 Abuse
RISPERIDONE has not been systematically studied in animals or humans for its potential for abuse. While the clinical trials did not reveal any tendency for any drug-seeking behavior, these observations were not systematic and it is not possible to predict on the basis of this limited experience the extent to which a CNS-active drug will be misused, diverted, and/or abused once marketed. Consequently, patients should be evaluated carefully for a history of drug abuse, and such patients should be observed closely for signs of RISPERIDONE misuse or abuse (e.g., development of tolerance, increases in dose, drug-seeking behavior).
9.3 Dependence
RISPERIDONE has not been systematically studied in animals or humans for its potential for tolerance or physical dependence.
10. Overdosage
10.1 Human Experience
Premarketing experience included eight reports of acute RISPERIDONE overdosage with estimated doses ranging from 20 to 300 mg and no fatalities. In general, reported signs and symptoms were those resulting from an exaggeration of the drug's known pharmacological effects, i.e., drowsiness and sedation, tachycardia and hypotension, and extrapyramidal symptoms. One case, involving an estimated overdose of 240 mg, was associated with hyponatremia, hypokalemia, prolonged QT, and widened QRS. Another case, involving an estimated overdose of 36 mg, was associated with a seizure.
Postmarketing experience includes reports of acute RISPERIDONE overdosage, with estimated doses of up to 360 mg. In general, the most frequently reported signs and symptoms are those resulting from an exaggeration of the drug's known pharmacological effects, i.e., drowsiness, sedation, tachycardia, hypotension, and extrapyramidal symptoms. Other adverse reactions reported since market introduction related to RISPERIDONE overdose include prolonged QT interval and convulsions. Torsade de pointes has been reported in association with combined overdose of RISPERIDONE and paroxetine.
10.2 Management of Overdosage
For the most up to date information on the management of RISPERIDONE overdosage, contact a certified poison control center (1-800-222-1222 or www.poison.org). Provide supportive care including close medical supervision and monitoring. Treatment should consist of general measures employed in the management of overdosage with any drug. Consider the possibility of multiple drug overdosage. Ensure an adequate airway, oxygenation, and ventilation. Monitor cardiac rhythm and vital signs. Use supportive and symptomatic measures. There is no specific antidote to RISPERIDONE.
11. Description
RISPERIDONE contains risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic belonging to the chemical class of benzisoxazole derivatives. The chemical designation is 3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one. Its molecular formula is C23H27FN4O2 and its molecular weight is 410.49. The structural formula is:
Risperidone, USP is a white to slightly beige powder. It is practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in methylene chloride, and soluble in methanol and 0.1 N HCl.
Each risperidone tablet intended for oral administration contains 0.25 mg or 0.5 mg or 1 mg or 2 mg or 3 mg or 4 mg of risperidone. Additionally each tablet also contains the following inactive ingredients: corn starch, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, propylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulfate, and titanium dioxide. Additionally each 0.25 mg tablet contains iron oxide red and iron oxide yellow, 0.5 mg tablet contains iron oxide red, 2 mg tablet contains FD&C yellow # 6/sunset yellow FCF aluminum lake, 3 mg tablet contains D&C yellow # 10 aluminum lake and 4 mg tablet contains D&C yellow # 10 aluminum lake and FD&C blue # 2/ indigo carmine aluminum lake.
12. Clinical Pharmacology
12.1 Mechanism of Action
The mechanism of action of RISPERIDONE, in schizophrenia, is unknown. However, it has been proposed that the drug's therapeutic activity in schizophrenia could be mediated through a combination of dopamine Type 2 (D2) and serotonin Type 2 (5HT2) receptor antagonism. The clinical effect from RISPERIDONE results from the combined concentrations of risperidone and its major metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.3)]. Antagonism at receptors other than D2 and 5HT2 [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (12.1)] may explain some of the other effects of RISPERIDONE.
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
RISPERIDONE is a selective monoaminergic antagonist with high affinity (Ki of 0.12 to 7.3 nM) for the serotonin Type 2 (5HT2), dopamine Type 2 (D2), α1 and α2 adrenergic, and H1 histaminergic receptors. RISPERIDONE acts as an antagonist at other receptors, but with lower potency. RISPERIDONE has low to moderate affinity (Ki of 47 to 253 nM) for the serotonin 5HT1C, 5HT1D, and 5HT1A receptors, weak affinity (Ki of 620 to 800 nM) for the dopamine D1 and haloperidol-sensitive sigma site, and no affinity (when tested at concentrations > 10-5 M) for cholinergic muscarinic or β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Risperidone is well absorbed. The absolute oral bioavailability of risperidone is 70% (CV=25%). The relative oral bioavailability of risperidone from a tablet is 94% (CV=10%) when compared to a solution.
Pharmacokinetic studies showed that RISPERIDONE Orally Disintegrating Tablets and RISPERIDONE Oral Solution are bioequivalent to RISPERIDONE Tablets.
Plasma concentrations of risperidone, its major metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, and risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone are dose proportional over the dosing range of 1 to 16 mg daily (0.5 to 8 mg twice daily). Following oral administration of solution or tablet, mean peak plasma concentrations of risperidone occurred at about 1 hour. Peak concentrations of 9-hydroxyrisperidone occurred at about 3 hours in extensive metabolizers, and 17 hours in poor metabolizers. Steady-state concentrations of risperidone are reached in 1 day in extensive metabolizers and would be expected to reach steady-state in about 5 days in poor metabolizers. Steady-state concentrations of 9-hydroxyrisperidone are reached in 5-6 days (measured in extensive metabolizers).
Food Effect
Food does not affect either the rate or extent of absorption of risperidone. Thus, RISPERIDONE can be given with or without meals.
Distribution
Risperidone is rapidly distributed. The volume of distribution is 1-2 L/kg. In plasma, risperidone is bound to albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein. The plasma protein binding of risperidone is 90%, and that of its major metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, is 77%. Neither risperidone nor 9-hydroxyrisperidone displaces each other from plasma binding sites. High therapeutic concentrations of sulfamethazine (100 mcg/mL), warfarin (10 mcg/mL), and carbamazepine (10 mcg/mL) caused only a slight increase in the free fraction of risperidone at 10 ng/mL and 9-hydroxyrisperidone at 50 ng/mL, changes of unknown clinical significance.
Metabolism
Risperidone is extensively metabolized in the liver. The main metabolic pathway is through hydroxylation of risperidone to 9-hydroxyrisperidone by the enzyme, CYP 2D6. A minor metabolic pathway is through N-dealkylation. The main metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, has similar pharmacological activity as risperidone. Consequently, the clinical effect of the drug results from the combined concentrations of risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone.
CYP 2D6, also called debrisoquin hydroxylase, is the enzyme responsible for metabolism of many neuroleptics, antidepressants, antiarrhythmics, and other drugs. CYP 2D6 is subject to genetic polymorphism (about 6%-8% of Caucasians, and a very low percentage of Asians, have little or no activity and are "poor metabolizers") and to inhibition by a variety of substrates and some non-substrates, notably quinidine. Extensive CYP 2D6 metabolizers convert risperidone rapidly into 9-hydroxyrisperidone, whereas poor CYP 2D6 metabolizers convert it much more slowly. Although extensive metabolizers have lower risperidone and higher 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations than poor metabolizers, the pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone combined, after single and multiple doses, are similar in extensive and poor metabolizers.
Risperidone could be subject to two kinds of drug-drug interactions. First, inhibitors of CYP 2D6 interfere with conversion of risperidone to 9-hydroxyrisperidone [see Drug Interactions (7)]. This occurs with quinidine, giving essentially all recipients a risperidone pharmacokinetic profile typical of poor metabolizers. The therapeutic benefits and adverse effects of risperidone in patients receiving quinidine have not been evaluated, but observations in a modest number (n@70) of poor metabolizers given RISPERIDONE do not suggest important differences between poor and extensive metabolizers. Second, co-administration of known enzyme inducers (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampin, and phenobarbital) with RISPERIDONE may cause a decrease in the combined plasma concentrations of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone [see Drug Interactions (7)]. It would also be possible for risperidone to interfere with metabolism of other drugs metabolized by CYP 2D6. Relatively weak binding of risperidone to the enzyme suggests this is unlikely [see Drug Interactions (7)].
In vitro studies indicate that risperidone is a relatively weak inhibitor of CYP 2D6. Therefore, RISPERIDONE is not expected to substantially inhibit the clearance of drugs that are metabolized by this enzymatic pathway. In drug interaction studies, RISPERIDONE did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of donepezil and galantamine, which are metabolized by CYP 2D6.
In vitro studies demonstrated that drugs metabolized by other CYP isozymes, including 1A1, 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4, are only weak inhibitors of risperidone metabolism.
Excretion
Risperidone and its metabolites are eliminated via the urine and, to a much lesser extent, via the feces. As illustrated by a mass balance study of a single 1 mg oral dose of 14C-risperidone administered as solution to three healthy male volunteers, total recovery of radioactivity at 1 week was 84%, including 70% in the urine and 14% in the feces.
The apparent half-life of risperidone was 3 hours (CV=30%) in extensive metabolizers and 20 hours (CV=40%) in poor metabolizers. The apparent half-life of 9-hydroxyrisperidone was about 21 hours (CV=20%) in extensive metabolizers and 30 hours (CV=25%) in poor metabolizers. The pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone combined, after single and multiple doses, were similar in extensive and poor metabolizers, with an overall mean elimination half-life of about 20 hours.
Drug-Drug Interaction Studies
[See DRUG INTERACTIONS (7)].
Specific Populations
Renal and Hepatic Impairment
[See USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.6and 8.7)].
Elderly
In healthy elderly subjects, renal clearance of both risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone was decreased, and elimination half-lives were prolonged compared to young healthy subjects. Dosing should be modified accordingly in the elderly patients [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.5)].
Pediatric
The pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in children were similar to those in adults after correcting for the difference in body weight.
Race and Gender Effects
No specific pharmacokinetic study was conducted to investigate race and gender effects, but a population pharmacokinetic analysis did not identify important differences in the disposition of risperidone due to gender (whether corrected for body weight or not) or race.
13. Nonclinical Toxicology
13.3 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenicity studies were conducted in Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats. Risperidone was administered in the diet at doses of 0.63 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg for 18 months to mice and for 25 months to rats. These doses are equivalent to approximately 2, 9, and 38 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) for schizophrenia of 16 mg/day on a mg/kg basis or 0.2, 0.75, and 3 times the MRHD (mice) or 0.4, 1.5, and 6 times the MRHD (rats) on a mg/m2 body surface basis. A maximum tolerated dose was not achieved in male mice. There were statistically significant increases in pituitary gland adenomas, endocrine pancreas adenomas, and mammary gland adenocarcinomas. The table below summarizes the multiples of the human dose on a mg/m2 (mg/kg) basis at which these tumors occurred.
Multiples of Maximum
Human Dose in mg/m2
(mg/kg)
Tumor Type
Species
Sex
Lowest
Highest No-
Effect Level
Effect Level
Pituitary adenomas
mouse
female
0.75Â (9.4)
0.2Â (2.4)
Endocrine pancreas adenomas
rat
male
1.5Â (9.4)
0.4Â (2.4)
Mammary gland adenocarcinomas
mouse
female
0.2Â (2.4)
none
rat
female
0.4Â (2.4)
none
rat
male
6Â (37.5)
1.5Â (9.4)
Mammary gland neoplasm, Total
rat
male
1.5Â (9.4)
0.4Â (2.4)
Antipsychotic drugs have been shown to chronically elevate prolactin levels in rodents. Serum prolactin levels were not measured during the risperidone carcinogenicity studies; however, measurements during subchronic toxicity studies showed that risperidone elevated serum prolactin levels 5-6 fold in mice and rats at the same doses used in the carcinogenicity studies. An increase in mammary, pituitary, and endocrine pancreas neoplasms has been found in rodents after chronic administration of other antipsychotic drugs and is considered to be prolactin-mediated. The relevance for human risk of the findings of prolactin-mediated endocrine tumors in rodents is unknown [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.6)].
Mutagenesis
No evidence of mutagenic or clastogenic potential for risperidone was found in the Ames gene mutation test, the mouse lymphoma assay, the in vitro rat hepatocyte DNA-repair assay, the in vivo micronucleus test in mice, the sex-linked recessive lethal test in Drosophila, or the chromosomal aberration test in human lymphocytes or Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Impairment of Fertility
Risperidone (0.16 to 5 mg/kg) was shown to impair mating, but not fertility, in Wistar rats in three reproductive studies (two Segment I and a multigenerational study) at doses 0.1 to 3 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) on a mg/m2 body surface area basis. The effect appeared to be in females, since impaired mating behavior was not noted in the Segment I study in which males only were treated. In a subchronic study in Beagle dogs in which risperidone was administered orally at doses of 0.31 to 5 mg/kg, sperm motility and concentration were decreased at doses 0.6 to 10 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 body surface area basis. Dose-related decreases were also noted in serum testosterone at the same doses. Serum testosterone and sperm parameters partially recovered, but remained decreased after treatment was discontinued. A no-effect dose could not be determined in either rat or dog.
13.4 Animal Toxicology
Juvenile dogs were treated for 40 weeks with oral risperidone doses of 0.31, 1.25, or 5 mg/kg/day. Decreased bone length and density were observed with a no-effect dose of 0.31 mg/kg/day. This dose produced plasma AUC levels of risperidone plus its active metabolite paliperidone (9-hydroxy-risperidone) which were similar to those in children and adolescents receiving the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 6 mg/day. In addition, a delay in sexual maturation was seen at all doses in both males and females. The above effects showed little or no reversibility in females after a 12 week drug-free recovery period.
In a study in which juvenile rats were treated with oral risperidone from days 12 to 50 of age, a reversible impairment of performance in a test of learning and memory was observed in females only with a no-effect dose of 0.63 mg/kg/day. This dose produced plasma AUC levels of risperidone plus paliperidone about half those observed in humans at the MRHD. No other consistent effects on neurobehavioral or reproductive development were seen up to the highest testable dose of 1.25 mg/kg/day. This dose produced plasma AUC levels of risperidone plus paliperidone which were about two thirds of those observed in humans at the MRHD.
14. Clinical Studies
14.1 Schizophrenia
Adults
Short-Term Efficacy
The efficacy of RISPERIDONE in the treatment of schizophrenia was established in four short term (4- to 8-week) controlled trials of psychotic inpatients who met DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia.
Several instruments were used for assessing psychiatric signs and symptoms in these studies, among them the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), a multi-li inventory of general psychopathology traditionally used to evaluate the effects of drug treatment in schizophrenia. The BPRS psychosis cluster (conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, suspiciousness, and unusual thought content) is considered a particularly useful subset for assessing actively psychotic schizophrenic patients. A second traditional assessment, the Clinical Global Impression (CGI), reflects the impression of a skilled observer, fully familiar with the manifestations of schizophrenia, about the overall clinical state of the patient. In addition, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Scale for Assessing Negative Symptoms (SANS) were employed.
The results of the trials follow:
• In a 6-week, placebo-controlled trial (n=160) involving titration of RISPERIDONE in doses up to 10 mg/day (twice-daily schedule), RISPERIDONE was generally superior to placebo on the BPRS total score, on the BPRS psychosis cluster, and marginally superior to placebo on the SANS.• In an 8-week, placebo-controlled trial (n=513) involving 4 fixed doses of RISPERIDONE (2 mg/day, 6 mg/day, 10 mg/day, and 16 mg/day, on a twice-daily schedule), all 4 RISPERIDONE groups were generally superior to placebo on the BPRS total score, BPRS psychosis cluster, and CGI severity score; the 3 highest RISPERIDONE dose groups were generally superior to placebo on the PANSS negative subscale. The most consistently positive responses on all measures were seen for the 6 mg dose group, and there was no suggestion of increased benefit from larger doses.• In an 8-week, dose comparison trial (n=1356) involving 5 fixed doses of RISPERIDONE (1 mg/day, 4 mg/day, 8 mg/day, 12 mg/day, and 16 mg/day, on a twice-daily schedule), the four highest RISPERIDONE dose groups were generally superior to the 1 mg RISPERIDONE dose group on BPRS total score, BPRS psychosis cluster, and CGI severity score. None of the dose groups were superior to the 1 mg group on the PANSS negative subscale. The most consistently positive responses were seen for the 4 mg dose group.• In a 4-week, placebo-controlled dose comparison trial (n=246) involving 2 fixed doses of RISPERIDONE (4 and 8 mg/day on a once-daily schedule), both RISPERIDONE dose groups were generally superior to placebo on several PANSS measures, including a response measure (>20% reduction in PANSS total score), PANSS total score, and the BPRS psychosis cluster (derived from PANSS). The results were generally stronger for the 8 mg than for the 4 mg dose group.
Long-Term Efficacy
In a longer-term trial, 365 adult outpatients predominantly meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and who had been clinically stable for at least 4 weeks on an antipsychotic medication were randomized to RISPERIDONE (2-8 mg/day) or to an active comparator, for 1 to 2 years of observation for relapse. Patients receiving RISPERIDONE experienced a significantly longer time to relapse over this time period compared to those receiving the active comparator.
Pediatrics
The efficacy of RISPERIDONE in the treatment of schizophrenia in adolescents aged 13–17 years was demonstrated in two short-term (6 and 8 weeks), double-blind controlled trials. All patients met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and were experiencing an acute episode at time of enrollment. In the first trial (study #1), patients were randomized into one of three treatment groups: RISPERIDONE 1-3 mg/day (n = 55, mean modal dose = 2.6 mg), RISPERIDONE 4-6 mg/day (n = 51, mean modal dose = 5.3 mg), or placebo (n = 54). In the second trial (study #2), patients were randomized to either RISPERIDONE 0.15-0.6 mg/day (n = 132, mean modal dose = 0.5 mg) or RISPERIDONE 1.5–6 mg/day (n = 125, mean modal dose = 4 mg). In all cases, study medication was initiated at 0.5 mg/day (with the exception of the 0.15-0.6 mg/day group in study #2, where the initial dose was 0.05 mg/day) and titrated to the target dosage range by approximately Day 7. Subsequently, dosage was increased to the maximum tolerated dose within the target dose range by Day 14. The primary efficacy variable in all studies was the mean change from baseline in total PANSS score.
Results of the studies demonstrated efficacy of RISPERIDONE in all dose groups from 1-6 mg/day compared to placebo, as measured by significant reduction of total PANSS score. The efficacy on the primary parameter in the 1-3 mg/day group was comparable to the 4-6 mg/day group in study #1, and similar to the efficacy demonstrated in the 1.5–6 mg/day group in study #2. In study #2, the efficacy in the 1.5-6 mg/day group was statistically significantly greater than that in the 0.15-0.6 mg/day group. Doses higher than 3 mg/day did not reveal any trend towards greater efficacy.
14.2 Bipolar Mania - Monotherapy
Adults
The efficacy of RISPERIDONE in the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes was established in two short-term (3-week) placebo-controlled trials in patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for Bipolar I Disorder with manic or mixed episodes. These trials included patients with or without psychotic features.
The primary rating instrument used for assessing manic symptoms in these trials was the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), an 11-li clinician-rated scale traditionally used to assess the degree of manic symptomatology (irritability, disruptive/aggressive behavior, sleep, elevated mood, speech, increased activity, sexual interest, language/thought disorder, thought content, appearance, and insight) in a range from 0 (no manic features) to 60 (maximum score). The primary outcome in these trials was change from baseline in the YMRS total score. The results of the trials follow:
• In one 3-week placebo-controlled trial (n=246), limited to patients with manic episodes, which involved a dose range of RISPERIDONE 1-6 mg/day, once daily, starting at 3 mg/day (mean modal dose was 4.1 mg/day), RISPERIDONE was superior to placebo in the reduction of YMRS total score.• In another 3-week placebo-controlled trial (n=286), which involved a dose range of 1-6 mg/day, once daily, starting at 3 mg/day (mean modal dose was 5.6 mg/day), RISPERIDONE was superior to placebo in the reduction of YMRS total score.
Pediatrics
The efficacy of RISPERIDONE in the treatment of mania in children or adolescents with Bipolar I disorder was demonstrated in a 3-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial including patients ranging in ages from 10 to 17 years who were experiencing a manic or mixed episode of bipolar I disorder. Patients were randomized into one of three treatment groups: RISPERIDONE 0.5-2.5 mg/day (n = 50, mean modal dose = 1.9 mg), RISPERIDONE 3-6 mg/day (n = 61, mean modal dose = 4.7 mg), or placebo (n = 58). In all cases, study medication was initiated at 0.5 mg/day and titrated to the target dosage range by Day 7, with further increases in dosage to the maximum tolerated dose within the targeted dose range by Day 10. The primary rating instrument used for assessing efficacy in this study was the mean change from baseline in the total YMRS score.
Results of this study demonstrated efficacy of RISPERIDONE in both dose groups compared with placebo, as measured by significant reduction of total YMRS score. The efficacy on the primary parameter in the 3-6 mg/day dose group was comparable to the 0.5-2.5 mg/day dose group. Doses higher than 2.5 mg/day did not reveal any trend towards greater efficacy.
14.3 Bipolar Mania Adjunctive Therapy with Lithium or Valproate
The efficacy of RISPERIDONE with concomitant lithium or valproate in the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes was established in one controlled trial in adult patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for Bipolar I Disorder. This trial included patients with or without psychotic features and with or without a rapid-cycling course.
• In this 3-week placebo-controlled combination trial, 148 in- or outpatients on lithium or valproate therapy with inadequately controlled manic or mixed symptoms were randomized to receive RISPERIDONE, placebo, or an active comparator, in combination with their original therapy. RISPERIDONE, in a dose range of 1-6 mg/day, once daily, starting at 2 mg/day (mean modal dose of 3.8 mg/day), combined with lithium or valproate (in a therapeutic range of 0.6 mEq/L to 1.4 mEq/L or 50 mcg/mL to 120 mcg/mL, respectively) was superior to lithium or valproate alone in the reduction of YMRS total score.• In a second 3-week placebo-controlled combination trial, 142 in- or outpatients on lithium, valproate, or carbamazepine therapy with inadequately controlled manic or mixed symptoms were randomized to receive RISPERIDONE or placebo, in combination with their original therapy. RISPERIDONE, in a dose range of 1-6 mg/day, once daily, starting at 2 mg/day (mean modal dose of 3.7 mg/day), combined with lithium, valproate, or carbamazepine (in therapeutic ranges of 0.6 mEq/L to 1.4 mEq/L for lithium, 50 mcg/mL to 125 mcg/mL for valproate, or 4-12 mcg/mL for carbamazepine, respectively) was not superior to lithium, valproate, or carbamazepine alone in the reduction of YMRS total score. A possible explanation for the failure of this trial was induction of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone clearance by carbamazepine, leading to subtherapeutic levels of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone.14.4 Irritability Associated with Autistic Disorder
Short-Term Efficacy
The efficacy of RISPERIDONE in the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder was established in two 8-week, placebo-controlled trials in children and adolescents (aged 5 to 16 years) who met the DSM-IV criteria for autistic disorder. Over 90% of these subjects were under 12 years of age and most weighed over 20 kg (16-104.3 kg).
Efficacy was evaluated using two assessment scales: the Aberrant Behavior Checkul (ABC) and the Clinical Global Impression - Change (CGI-C) scale. The primary outcome measure in both trials was the change from baseline to endpoint in the Irritability subscale of the ABC (ABC-I). The ABC-I subscale measured the emotional and behavioral symptoms of autism, including aggression towards others, deliberate self-injuriousness, temper tantrums, and quickly changing moods. The CGI-C rating at endpoint was a co-primary outcome measure in one of the studies.
The results of these trials are as follows:
• In one of the 8-week, placebo-controlled trials, children and adolescents with autistic disorder (n=101), aged 5 to 16 years, received twice daily doses of placebo or RISPERIDONE 0.5-3.5 mg/day on a weight-adjusted basis. RISPERIDONE, starting at 0.25 mg/day or 0.5 mg/day depending on baseline weight (< 20 kg and ≥ 20 kg, respectively) and titrated to clinical response (mean modal dose of 1.9 mg/day, equivalent to 0.06 mg/kg/day), significantly improved scores on the ABC-I subscale and on the CGI-C scale compared with placebo.• In the other 8-week, placebo-controlled trial in children with autistic disorder (n=55), aged 5 to 12 years, RISPERIDONE 0.02 to 0.06 mg/kg/day given once or twice daily, starting at 0.01 mg/kg/day and titrated to clinical response (mean modal dose of 0.05 mg/kg/day, equivalent to 1.4 mg/day), significantly improved scores on the ABC-I subscale compared with placebo.
A third trial was a 6 week, multicenter, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled, fixeddose study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a lower than recommended dose of risperidone in subjects (N=96) 5 to 17 years of age with autistic disorder (defined by DSM-IV criteria) and associated irritability and related behavioral symptoms. Approximately 77% of patients were younger than 12 years of age (mean age = 9), and 88% were male. Most patients (73%) weighed less than 45 kg (mean weight = 40 kg). Approximately 90% of patients were antipsychotic-nave before entering the study.
There were two weight-based, fixed doses of risperidone (high-dose and low-dose). The high dose was 1.25 mg per day for patients weighing 20 to < 45 kg, and it was 1.75 mg per day for patients weighing > 45 kg. The low dose was 0.125 mg per day for patients weighing 20 to < 45 kg, and it was 0.175 mg per day for patients weighing > 45 kg. The dose was administered once daily in the morning, or in the evening if sedation occurred.
The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean change in the Aberrant Behavior Checkul–Irritability subscale (ABC-I) score from baseline to the end of Week 6. The study demonstrated the efficacy of high-dose risperidone, as measured by the mean change in ABC-I score. It did not demonstrate efficacy for low-dose risperidone. The mean baseline ABC-I scores were 29 in the placebo group (n = 35), 27 in the risperidone low-dose group (n = 30), and 28 in the risperidone high-dose group (n = 31). The mean changes in ABC-I scores were -3.5, -7.4, and -12.4 in the placebo, low-dose, and high-dose group respectively. The results in the high-dose group were statistically significant (p < 0.001) but not in the low-dose group (p=0.164).
Long-Term Efficacy
Following completion of the first 8-week double-blind study, 63 patients entered an open-label study extension where they were treated with RISPERIDONE for 4 or 6 months (depending on whether they received RISPERIDONE or placebo in the double-blind study). During this open-label treatment period, patients were maintained on a mean modal dose of RISPERIDONE of 1.8-2.1 mg/day (equivalent to 0.05 - 0.07 mg/kg/day).
Patients who maintained their positive response to RISPERIDONE (response was defined as ≥ 25% improvement on the ABC-I subscale and a CGI-C rating of 'much improved' or 'very much improved') during the 4-6 month open-label treatment phase for about 140 days, on average, were randomized to receive RISPERIDONE or placebo during an 8-week, double-blind withdrawal study (n=39 of the 63 patients). A pre-planned interim analysis of data from patients who completed the withdrawal study (n=32), undertaken by an independent Data Safety Monitoring Board, demonstrated a significantly lower relapse rate in the RISPERIDONE group compared with the placebo group. Based on the interim analysis results, the study was terminated due to demonstration of a statistically significant effect on relapse prevention. Relapse was defined as ≥ 25% worsening on the most recent assessment of the ABC-I subscale (in relation to baseline of the randomized withdrawal phase).
16. How Supplied/storage And Handling
16.1 HowSupplied
Risperidone Tablets USP, 0.25 mg are dark yellow, round, biconvex film-coated tablets debossed with "Z" on one side and "4" on the other side and are supplied as follows:
NDC 63187-418-60 in bottle of 60 tablets
16.2 Storageand Handling
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from light and moisture.
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container.
Keep out of reach of children.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
17. Patient Counseling Information
Physicians are advised to discuss the following issues with patients for whom they prescribe RISPERIDONE and their caregivers:
17.1 Orthostatic Hypotension
Advise patients and caregivers about the risk of orthostatic hypotension, especially during the period of initial dose titration [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.7)].
17.2 Interference with Cognitive and Motor Performance
Inform patients and caregivers that RISPERIDONE has the potential to impair judgment, thinking, or motor skills. Advise caution about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles, until patients are reasonably certain that RISPERIDONE therapy does not affect them adversely [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.9)].
17.3 Pregnancy
Advise patients and caregivers to notify their physician if the patient becomes pregnant or intends to become pregnant during therapy [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.1)].
17.4 Nursing
Inform patients and caregivers that risperidone and its active metabolite are present in human breastmilk; there is a potential for serious adverse reactions from RISPERIDONE in nursing infants. Advise patients that the decision whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the RISPERIDONE should take into account the importance of the drug to the patient [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS (8.3)].
17.5 Concomitant Medication
Advise patients and caregivers to inform their physicians if the patient is taking, or plans to take, any prescription or over-the-counter drugs, because there is a potential for interactions [see DRUG INTERACTIONS (7)].
17.6 Alcohol
Advise patients to avoid alcohol while taking RISPERIDONE [see DRUG INTERACTIONS (7.2)].
17.7 Metabolic Changes
Inform patients and caregivers that treatment with RISPERIDONE can be associated with hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and weight gain [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.5)].
17.8 Tardive Dyskinesia
Inform patients and caregivers about the risk of tardive dyskinesia [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS (5.4)].
Manufactured by:
Cadila Healthcare Limited
Ahmedabad, India
Distributed by:
Zydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.
Pennington, NJ 08534
Rev.: 05/14
Revision Date: 05/07/2014
Repackaged by:
Proficient Rx LP
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
Package Label.principal Display Panel
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