Generic: cefotaxime
is used for the treatment of
Acinetobacter InfectionsPelvic Inflammatory DiseaseBacteroides InfectionsBone Diseases, InfectiousClostridium InfectionsEscherichia coli InfectionsFusobacterium InfectionsGonorrheaHaemophilus InfectionsKlebsiella InfectionsPeritonitisProteus InfectionsPseudomonas InfectionsSalmonella InfectionsStaphylococcal InfectionsStreptococcal InfectionsUrinary Tract InfectionsSerratia InfectionsMeningitis, BacterialSkin Diseases, BacterialPneumonia, BacterialSoft Tissue InfectionsSepsis
Pregnancy Risk
Reproduction studies have been performed in pregnant mice given cefotaxime intravenously at doses up to 1200 mg/kg/day (0.4 times the recommended human dose based on mg/m2) or in pregnant rats when administered intravenously at doses up to 1200 mg/kg/day (0.8 times the recommended human dose based on mg/m2). No evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was seen in these studies. Although cefotaxime has been reported to cross the placental barrier and appear in cord blood, the effect on the human fetus is not known. There are no well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproductive studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Cefotaxime for injection is a semisynthetic, broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for parenteral administration. It is the sodium salt of 7-[2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl) glyoxylamido]-3-(hydroxymethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate 72 (Z)-(o-methyloxime), acetate (ester). Cefotaxime for injection, USP contains approximately 50.5 mg (2.2 mEq) of sodium per gram of cefotaxime activity. Solutions of Cefotaxime for injection, USP range from very pale yellow to light amber depending on the concentration and the diluent used. The pH of the injectable solutions usually ranges from 5.0 to 7.5.
The molecular formula is C16H16N5NaO7S2 and the molecular weight is 477.45Cefotaxime for injection, USP is supplied as a dry powder in conventional vials.
Clinical Pharmacology
Following IM administration of a single 500 mg or 1 g dose of Cefotaxime to normal volunteers, mean peak serum concentrations of 11.7 and 20.5 mcg/mL respectively were attained within 30 minutes and declined with an elimination half-life of approximately 1 hour. There was a dose-dependent increase in serum levels after the IV administration of 500 mg, 1 g, and 2 g of Cefotaxime (38.9, 101.7, and 214.4 mcg/mL respectively) without alteration in the elimination half-life. There is no evidence of accumulation following repetitive IV infusion of 1 g doses every 6 hours for 14 days as there are no alterations of serum or renal clearance. About 60% of the administered dose was recovered from urine during the first 6 hours following the start of the infusion.Approximately 20-36% of an intravenously administered dose of 14C-cefotaxime is excreted by the kidney as unchanged cefotaxime and 15-25% as the desacetyl derivative, the major metabolite. The desacetyl metabolite has been shown to contribute to the bactericidal activity. Two other urinary metabolites (M2 and M3) account for about 20-25%. They lack bactericidal activity.A single 50 mg/kg dose of Cefotaxime was administered as an intravenous infusion over a 10- to 15-minute period to 29 newborn infants grouped according to birth weight and age. The mean half-life of cefotaxime in infants with lower birth weights (1500 grams), regardless of age, was longer (4.6 hours) than the mean half-life (3.4 hours) in infants whose birth weight was greater than ≤1500 grams. Mean serum clearance was also smaller in the lower birth weight infants. Although the differences in mean half-life values are statistically significant for weight, they are not clinically important. Therefore, dosage should be based solely on age. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section.) Additionally, no disulfiram-like reactions were reported in a study conducted in 22 healthy volunteers administered Cefotaxime and ethanol.
Microbiology
The bactericidal activity of cefotaxime sodium results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Cefotaxime sodium has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Cefotaxime sodium has a high degree of stability in the presence of ß-lactamases, both penicillinases and cephalosporinases, of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Cefotaxime sodium has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.
Aerobes, Gram-positive:
Enterococcus spp.
Staphylococcus aureus*, including ß-lactamase-positive and negative strains
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci)
Streptococcus spp.*Staphylococci which are resistant to methicillin/oxacillin must be considered resistant to cefotaxime sodium.
Aerobes, Gram-negative:
Acinetobacter spp.
Citrobacter spp.
Enterobacter spp.
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae (including ampicillin-resistant strains)
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Klebsiella spp. (including Klebsiella pneumoniae)
Morganella morganii
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (including ß-lactamase-positive and negative strains)
Neisseria meningitidisProteus mirabilisProteus vulgarisProvidencia rettgeriProvidencia stuartiiSerratia marcescens
NOTE: Many strains of the above organisms that are multiply resistant to other antibiotics, e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides, are susceptible to cefotaxime sodium. Cefotaxime sodium is active against some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Anaerobes:
Bacteroides spp., including some strains of Bacteroides
fragilis
Clostridium spp. (Note: Most strains of Clostridium difficile are resistant.)
Fusobacterium spp. (Including Fusobacterium nucleatum).
Peptococcus spp.
Peptostreptococcus spp.
Cefotaxime sodium also demonstrates in vitro activity against the following microorganisms but the clinical significance is unknown. Cefotaxime sodium exhibits in vitro minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) of 8 mcg/mL or less against most (≥90%) strains of the following microorganisms; however, the safety and effectiveness of cefotaxime sodium in treating clinical infections due to these microorganisms have not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials:
Aerobes, Gram-negative:
Providencia spp.
Salmonella spp. (including Salmonella typhi)
Shigella spp. Cefotaxime sodium is highly stable in vitro to four of the five major classes of 5-lactamases described by Richmond et al.1, including type IIIa (TEM) which is produced by many gram-negative bacteria. The drug is also stable to ß-lactamase (penicillinase) produced by staphylococci. In addition, cefotaxime sodium shows high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins in the cell wall, including PBP: Ib and III.Cefotaxime sodium and aminoglycosides have been shown to be synergistic in vitro against some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa but the clinical significance is unknown.
Susceptibility Tests
Dilution techniques:
Quantitative methods that are used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure uses a standardized dilution method1 (broth or agar) or equivalent with cefotaxime sodium powder. The MIC values obtained should be interpreted according to the following criteria:
When testing organisms
a other than Haemophilus spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Streptococcus spp.
MIC (mcg/mL)
Interpretation
≤816-32≥64
Susceptible (S)Intermediate (I)Resistant (R)
When testing Haemophilus spp.b
MIC (mcg/mL)
Interpretationc
≤2
Susceptible (S)
When testing Streptococcus
d
MIC (mcg/mL)
Interpretation
≤0.51≥2
Susceptible (S)
Intermediate (I)
Resistant (R)
When testing Neisseria gonorrhoeae
a
MIC (mcg/mL)
Interpretationc
≤0.5
Susceptible (S)
a. Staphylococci exhibiting resistance to methicillin/oxacillin, should be reported as also resistant to cefotaxime despite apparent in vitro susceptibility. b. Interpretive criteria is applicable only to tests performed by broth microdilution method using Haemophilus Test Media.2 c. The absence of resistant strains precludes defining any interpretations other than susceptible. d. Streptococcus pneumoniae must be tested using cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with 2-5% lysed horse blood. e. Interpretive criteria applicable only to tests performed by agar dilution method using GC agar base with 1% defined growth supplement.2
A report of “Susceptible” indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. A report of “Intermediate” indicates that the result should be considered equivocal and if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative clinically feasible drugs the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of “Resistant” indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable, other therapy should be selected.
Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control microorganisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedure. Standard cefotaxime sodium powder should provide the following MIC values:
Microorganism
MIC (mcg/mL)
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853
Haemophilus influenzae
a ATCC 49247
Streptococcus pneumoniae
b ATCC 49619
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
c ATCC 49226
0.06-0.25 1-4 4-16 0.12-0.5 0.06-0.25 0.015-0.06
a. Ranges applicable only to tests performed by broth microdilution method using Haemophilus Test Media.2 b. Ranges applicable only to tests performed by broth microdilution method using cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth with 2-5% lysed horse blood.2 c. Ranges applicable only to tests performed by agar dilution method using GC agar base with 1% defined growth supplement.2Diffusion Techniques:
Quantitative methods that require measurements of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure3 requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 30 mcg cefotaxime sodium to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to cefotaxime sodium. Reports from the laboratory providing results of the standard single-disk susceptibility test using a 30mcg cefotaxime sodium disk should be interpreted according to the following criteria: When testing organismsa other than Haemophilus spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Streptococcus spp.
MIC (mcg/mL)
Interpretation
≥23
15-22
≤14
Susceptible (S)
Intermediate (I)
Resistant (R)
When testing Haemophilus spp.b
Zone Diameter (mm)
Interpretationc
≥26
Susceptible (S)
When testing Streptococcus other than Streptococcus pneumoniae
Zone Diameter (mm)
Interpretation
≥2826-27≤25
Susceptible (S)
Intermediate (I)
Resistant (R)
When testing Neisseria gonorrhoeae
d
Zone Diameter (mm)
Interpretationc
≥31
Susceptible (S)
a. Staphylococci exhibiting resistance to methicillin/oxacillin, should be reported as also resistant to cefotaxime despite apparent in vitro susceptibility. b.Interpretive criteria is applicable only to tests performed by disk diffusion method using Haemophilus Test Media.3 c.The absence of resistant strains precludes defining any interpretations other than susceptible. d.Interpretive criteria applicable only to tests performed by disk diffusion method using GC agar base with 1% defined growth supplement.3
Interpretation should be as stated above for results using dilution techniques. Interpretation involves correlation of the diameter obtained in the disk test with the MIC for cefotaxime sodium.
As with standardized dilution techniques, diffusion methods require the use of laboratory control microorganisms that are used to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. For the diffusion technique, the 30 mcg cefotaxime sodium disk should provide the following zone diameters in these laboratory test quality control strains:
a. Ranges applicable only to tests performed by disk diffusion method using Haemophilus Test Media.3
b. Ranges applicable only to tests performed by disk diffusion method using GC agar base with 1% defined growth supplement.3Anaerobic Techniques:
For anaerobic bacteria, the susceptibility to cefotaxime sodium as MICs can be determined by standardized test methods.4 The MIC values obtained should be interpreted according to the following criteria:
MIC (mcg/mL)
Interpretation
≤16
32≥64
Susceptible (S)
Intermediate (I)
Resistant (R)
Interpretation is identical to that stated above for results using dilution techniques.
As with other susceptibility techniques, the use of laboratory control microorganisms is required to control the technical aspects of the laboratory standardized procedures. Standardized cefotaxime sodium powder should provide the following MIC values:
a. Ranges applicable only to tests performed by agar dilution method.
Indications And Usage
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of cefotaxime for injection and other antibacterial drugs, cefotaxime for injection should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Treatment
Cefotaxime is indicated for the treatment of patients with serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the diseases uled below.
Lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (formerly Diplococcus pneumoniae), Streptococcus pyogenes* (Group A streptococci) and other streptococci (excluding enterococci, e.g., Enterococcus faecalis), Staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase and non-penicillinase producing), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Haemophilus influenzae (including ampicillin resistant strains), Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens*, Enterobacter species, indole positive Proteus and Pseudomonas species (including P. aeruginosa).
Genitourinary infections. Urinary tract infections caused by Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus*, (penicillinase and non-penicillinase producing), Citrobacter species, Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris*, Providencia stuartii, Morganella morganii*, Providencia rettgeri*, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas species (including P. aeruginosa). Also, uncomplicated gonorrhea (cervical/urethral and rectal) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae , including penicillinase producing sjtrains.
Gynecologic infections, including pelvic inflammatory disease, endometritis and pelvic cellulitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus species, Enterococcus species, Enterobacter species*, Klebsiella species*, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Bacteroides species (including Bacteroides fragilis*), Clostridium species, and anaerobic cocci (including Peptostreptococcus species and Peptococcus species) and Fusobacterium species (including F. Nucleatum*). Cefotaxime, like other cephalosporins, has no activity against Chlamydia trachomatis. Therefore, when cephalosporins are used in the treatment of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease and C. trachomatis is one of the suspected pathogens, appropriate anti-chlamydial coverage should be added.
Bacteremia/Septicemia caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, and Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus andStreptococcus species (including S. pneumonia).
Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase and non-penicillinase producing),Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococci) and other streptococci, Enterococcus species, Acinetobacter species*, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter species (including C. freundii*), Enterobacter species, Klebsiella species, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris*, Morganella morganii, Providencia rettgeri*, Pseudomonas species, Serratia marcescens, Bacteroides species, and anaerobic cocci (including Peptostreptococcus* species and Peptococcus species).
Intra-abdominal infections including peritonitis caused by Streptococcus species*, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Bacteroides species, and anaerobic cocci (including Peptostreptococcus* species and Peptococcus
* species) Proteus mirabilis*, and Clostridium species*.
Bone and/or joint infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (penicillinase and non-penicillinase producing strains), Streptococcus species (including S. pyogenes*), Pseudomonas species (including P. aeruginosa*), and Proteus mirabilis*.
Central nervous system infections, e.g., meningitis and ventriculitis, caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae* and Escherichia coli*.
(*) Efficacy for this organism, in this organ system, has been studied in fewer than 10 infections. Although many strains of enterococci (e.g., S. faecalis) and Pseudomonas species are resistant to cefotaxime sodium in vitro, Cefotaxime has been used successfully in treating patients with infections caused by susceptible organisms.
Specimens for bacteriologic culture should be obtained prior to therapy in order to isolate and identify causative organisms and to determine their susceptibilities to Cefotaxime. Therapy may be instituted before results of susceptibility studies are known; however, once these results become available, the antibiotic treatment should be adjusted accordingly.
In certain cases of confirmed or suspected gram-positive or gram-negative sepsis or in patients with other serious infections in which the causative organism has not been identified, Cefotaxime may be used concomitantly with an aminoglycoside. The dosage recommended in the labeling of both antibiotics may be given and depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's condition. Renal function should be carefully monitored, especially if higher dosages of the aminoglycosides are to be administered or if therapy is prolonged, because of the potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics. It is possible that nephrotoxicity may be potentiated if Cefotaxime is used concomitantly with an aminoglycoside.(*) Efficacy for this organism, in this organ system, has been studied in fewer than 10 infections.
Prevention
The administration of Cefotaxime preoperatively reduces the incidence of certain infections in patients undergoing surgical procedures (e.g., abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract surgery) that may be classified as contaminated or potentially contaminated.In patients undergoing cesarean section, intraoperative (after clamping the umbilical cord) and postoperative use of Cefotaxime may also reduce the incidence of certain postoperative infections. See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section. Effective use for elective surgery depends on the time of administration. To achieve effective tissue levels, Cefotaxime should be given 1/2 or 1 1/2 hours before surgery. See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section.For patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery, preoperative bowel preparation by mechanical cleansing as well as with a non-absorbable antibiotic (e.g., neomycin) is recommended.If there are signs of infection, specimens for culture should be obtained for identification of the causative organism so that appropriate therapy may be instituted.To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of cefotaxime and other antibacterial drugs, cefotaxime should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Contraindications
Cefotaxime is contraindicated in patients who have shown hypersensitivity to cefotaxime sodium, any component of cefotaxime for injection, or the cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
Warnings
BEFORE THERAPY WITH CEFOTAXIME IS INSTITUTED, CAREFUL INQUIRY SHOULD BE MADE TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE PATIENT HAS HAD PREVIOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS TO CEFOTAXIME SODIUM, CEPHALOSPORINS, PENICILLINS, OR OTHER DRUGS. THIS PRODUCT SHOULD BE GIVEN WITH CAUTION TO PATIENTS WITH TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS TO PENICILLIN. ANTIBIOTICS SHOULD BE ADMINISTERED WITH CAUTION TO ANY PATIENT WHO HAS DEMONSTRATED SOME FORM OF ALLERGY, PARTICULARLY TO DRUGS. IF AN ALLERGIC REACTION TO CEFOTAXIME OCCURS, DISCONTINUE TREATMENT WITH THE DRUG. SERIOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS MAY REQUIRE EPINEPHRINE AND OTHER EMERGENCY MEASURES.During post-marketing surveillance, a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia was reported in each of six patients who received a rapid (less than 60 seconds) bolus injection of cefotaxime through a central venous catheter. Therefore, cefotaxime should only be administered as instructed in the DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section.
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including cefotaxim, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Precautions
General
Prescribing cefotaxime for injection in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
Cefotaxime should be prescribed with caution in individuals with a history of gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis.Because high and prolonged serum antibiotic concentrations can occur from usual doses in patients with transient or persistent reduction of urinary output because of renal insufficiency, the total daily dosage should be reduced when Cefotaxime is administered to such patients. Continued dosage should be determined by degree of renal impairment, severity of infection, and susceptibility of the causative organism.Although there is no clinical evidence supporting the necessity of changing the dosage of cefotaxime sodium in patients with even profound renal dysfunction, it is suggested that, until further data are obtained, the dose of cefotaxime sodium be halved in patients with estimated creatinine clearances of less than 20 mL/min/1.73 m2.When only serum creatinine is available, the following formula5 (based on sex, weight, and age of the patient) may be used to convert this value into creatinine clearance. The serum creatinine should represent a steady state of renal function.
Weight (kg) x (140 - age)
Males: 72 x serum creatinine Females: 0.85 x above value
As with other antibiotics, prolonged use of Cefotaxime may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms. Repeated evaluation of the patient's condition is essential. If superinfection occurs during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.As with other beta-lactam antibiotics, granulocytopenia and, more rarely, agranulocytosis may develop during treatment with Cefotaxime, articularly if given over long periods. For courses of treatment lasting longer than 10 days, blood counts should therefore be monitored.Cefotaxime, like other parenteral anti-infective drugs, may be locally irritating to tissues. In most cases, perivascular extravasation of Cefotaxime responds to changing of the infusion site. In rare instances, extensive perivascular extravasation of Cefotaxime may result in tissue damage and require surgical treatment. To minimize the potential for tissue inflammation, infusion sites should be monitored regularly and changed when appropriate.
Information for Patients
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including cefotaxime for injection should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When cefotaxime for injection is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by cefotaxime for injection or other bacterial drugs in the future.
Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.
Drug Interactions
Increased nephrotoxicity has been reported following concomitant administration of cephalosporins and aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Probenecid interferes with the renal tubular transfer of cephalosporins, thereby delaying their excretion and increasing their plasma concentrations.
As with other cephalosporins, cefotaxime may potentiate the renal toxicity of nephrotoxic drugs. See INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.
Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Cephalosporins, including cefotaxime sodium, are known to occasionally induce a positive direct Coombs' test.
Urinary glucose testing with non-specific reducing agents may yield a false-positive reaction in patients treated with cefotaxime. This phenomenon is not seen when a glucose-oxidase specific method is used.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis
Lifetime studies in animals to evaluate carcinogenic potential have not been conducted. Cefotaxime was not mutagenic in the mouse micronucleus test or in the Ames' test. Cefotaxime did not impair fertility to rats when administered subcutaneously at doses up to 250 mg/kg/day (0.2 times the maximum recommended human dose based on mg/m2) or in mice when administered intravenously at doses up to 2000 mg/kg/day (0.7 times the recommended human dose based on mg/m2).
Reproduction studies have been performed in pregnant mice given cefotaxime intravenously at doses up to 1200 mg/kg/day (0.4 times the recommended human dose based on mg/m2) or in pregnant rats when administered intravenously at doses up to 1200 mg/kg/day (0.8 times the recommended human dose based on mg/m2). No evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was seen in these studies. Although cefotaxime has been reported to cross the placental barrier and appear in cord blood, the effect on the human fetus is not known. There are no well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproductive studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nonteratogenic Effects
Use of the drug in women of child-bearing potential requires that the anticipated benefit be weighed against the possible risks.In perinatal and postnatal studies with rats, the pups in the group given 1200 mg/kg/day of Cefotaxime were significantly lighter in weight at birth and remained smaller than pups in the control group during the 21 days of nursing.
Nursing Mothers
Cefotaxime is excreted in human milk in low concentrations. Caution should be exercised when Cefotaxime is administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric Use
See Precautions above regarding perivascular extravasation.
Geriatric Use
Of the 1409 subjects in clinical studies of cefotaxime, 632 (45%) were 65 and over, while 258 (18%) were 75 and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function (see PRECAUTIONS, General).
Adverse Reactions
Clinical Trials Experience
Cefotaxime for injection is generally well tolerated. The most common adverse reactions have been local reactions following IM or IV injection. Other adverse reactions have been encountered infrequently.
The most frequent adverse reactions (greater than 1%) are: Local (4.3%) - Injection site inflammation with IV administration. Pain, induration, and tenderness after IM injection. Hypersensitivity (2.4%) - Rash, pruritus, fever, eosinophilia. Gastrointestinal (1.4%) - Colitis, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis can appear during or after antibiotic treatment. Nausea and vomiting have been reported rarely.
Less frequent adverse reactions (less than 1%) are:
Hematologic System - Neutropenia, transient leukopenia, have been reported. Some individuals have developed positive direct Coombs Tests during treatment with cefotaxime for injection and other cephalosporin antibiotics. Genitourinary System - Moniliasis, vaginitis. Central Nervous System - Headache. Liver - Transient elevations in AST, ALT, serum LDH, and serum alkaline phosphatase levels have been reported. Kidney - As with some other cephalosporins, transient elevations of BUN have been occasionally observed with cefotaxime for injection.
Post-Marketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of cefotaxime for injection. Because these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Cardiovascular System - Potentially life-threatening arrhythmias following rapid (less than 60 seconds) bolus administration via central venous catheter have been observed.
Central Nervous System- Administration of high doses of beta-lactam antibiotics, including cefotaxime, particularly in patients with renal insufficiency may result in encephalopathy (e.g. impairment of consciousness, abnormal movements and convulsions). Cutaneous - As with other cephalosporins, isolated cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme have been reported. Hematologic System - Hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia. Hypersensitivity - Anaphylaxis (e.g., angioedema, bronchospasm, malaise possibly culminating in shock), urticaria. Kidney - Interstitial nephritis, transient elevations of creatinine. Liver - Hepatitis, jaundice, cholestasis, elevations of gamma GT and bilirubin.
Cephalosporin Class Labeling
In addition to the adverse reactions uled above which have been observed in patients treated with cefotaxime sodium, the following adverse reactions and altered laboratory tests have been reported for cephalosporin class antibiotics: allergic reactions, hepatic dysfunction including cholestasis, aplastic anemia, hemorrhage, and false-positive test for urinary glucose .
Several cephalosporins have been implicated in triggering seizures,particularly in patients with renal impairment when the dosage was not reduced. See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and OVERDOSAGE. If seizures associated with drug therapy occur, the drug should be discontinued.Anticonvulsant therapy can be given if clinically indicated.
Overdosage
The acute toxicity of cefotaxime was evaluated in neonatal and adult mice and rats. Significant mortality was seen at parenteral doses in excess of 6000 mg/kg/day in all groups. Common toxic signs in animals that died were a decrease in spontaneous activity, tonic and clonic convulsions, dyspnea, hypothermia, and cyanosis. Cefotaxime sodium overdosage has occurred in patients. Most cases have shown no overt toxicity. The most frequent reactions were elevations of BUN and creatinine. There is a risk of reversible encephalopathy in cases of administration of high doses of beta-lactam antibiotics including cefotaxime. No specific antidote exists. Patients who receive an acute overdosage should be carefully observed and given supportive treatment.
Dosage And Administration
Adults
Dosage and route of administration should be determined by susceptibility of the causative organisms, severity of the infection, and the condition of the patient (see table for dosage guideline). Cefotaxime for injection may be administered IM or IV after reconstitution. The maximum daily dosage should not exceed 12 grams.
GUIDELINES FOR DOSAGE OF CEFOTAXIME FOR INJECTION
Type of Infection
Daily Dose grams)
Frequency and Route
Gonococcal urethritis/cervicitis in males and femalesRectal gonorrhea in femalesRectal gonorrhea in malesUncomplicated infectionsModerate to severe infectionsInfections commonly needing antibiotics in higher dosage (e.g., septicemia)Life-threatening infections
0.50.5123-66-8up to 12
0.5 gram IM (single dose)0.5 gram IM (single dose)1 gram IM (single dose)1 gram every 12 hours IM or IV 1-2 grams every 8 hours IM or IV2 grams every 6-8 hours IV2 grams every 4 hours IV
If C. trachomatis is a suspected pathogen, appropriate anti-chlamydial coverage should be added, because cefotaxime sodium has no activity against this organism.
To prevent postoperative infection in contaminated or potentially contaminated surgery, the recommended dose is a single 1 gram IM or IV administered 30 to 90 minutes prior to start of surgery.
Cesarean Section Patients
The first dose of 1 gram is administered intravenously as soon as the umbilical cord is clamped. The second and third doses should be given as 1 gram intravenously or intramuscularly at 6 and 12 hours after the first dose.
Neonates, Infants, and Children
The following dosage schedule is recommended:
Neonates (birth to 1 month): 0-1 week of age 50 mg/kg per dose every 12 hours IV 1-4 weeks of age 50 mg/kg per dose every 8 hours IV
It is not necessary to differentiate between premature and normal-gestational age infants.
Infants and Children (1 month to 12 years):
For body weights less than 50 kg, the recommended daily dose is 50 to 180 mg/kg IM or IV body weight divided into four to six equal doses. The higher dosages should be used for more severe or serious infections, including meningitis. For body weights 50 kg or more, the usual adult dosage should be used; the maximum daily dosage should not exceed 12 grams.
Geriatric Use
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function. (See PRECAUTIONS, General and PRECAUTIONS, Geriatric Use.)
Impaired Renal Function
see PRECAUTIONS, General.NOTE: As with antibiotic therapy in general, administration of Cefotaxime for injection should be continued for a minimum of 48 to 72 hours after the patient defervesces or after evidence of bacterial eradication has been obtained; a minimum of 10 days of treatment is recommended for infections caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci in order to guard against the risk of rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis; frequent bacteriologic and clinical appraisal is necessary during therapy of chronic urinary tract infection and may be required for several months after therapy has been completed; persistent infections may require treatment of several weeks and doses smaller than those indicated above should not be used.
Preparation of Cefotaxime for injection Sterile
Cefotaxime for injection for IM or IV administration should be reconstituted as follows:
Strength
Diluent(mL)
Withdrawable Volume (mL)
Approximate Concentration(mg/mL)
500 mg vial (IM)1 g vial (IM)2 g vial (IM)500 mg vial (IV)1 g vial (IV)2 g vial (IV)
235101010
2.23.4610.210.411
2303003305095180
Shake to dissolve; inspect for particulate matter and discoloration prior to use. Solutions of Cefotaxime for injection range from very pale yellow to light amber, depending on concentration, diluent used, and length and condition of storage.
For intramuscular use: Reconstitute VIALS with Sterile Water for Injection or Bacteriostatic Water for Injection as described above.
For intravenous use: Reconstitute VIALS with at least 10 mL of Sterile Water for Injection.
NOTE: Solutions of Cefotaxime for injection must not be admixed with aminoglycoside solutions. If Cefotaxime for injection and aminoglycosides are to be administered to the same patient, they must be administered separately and not as mixed injection.A SOLUTION OF 1 G CEFOTAXIME FOR INJECTION IN 14 ML OF STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION IS ISOTONIC.
IM Administration: As with all IM preparations, Cefotaxime for injection should be injected well within the body of a relatively large muscle such as the upper outer quadrant of the buttock (i.e., gluteus maximus); aspiration is necessary to avoid inadvertent injection into a blood vessel. Individual IM doses of 2 grams may be given if the dose is divided and is administered in different intramuscular sites.
IV Administration: The IV route is preferable for patients with bacteremia, bacterial septicemia, peritonitis, meningitis, or other severe or life-threatening infections, or for patients who may be poor risks because of lowered resistance resulting from such debilitating conditions as malnutrition, trauma, surgery, diabetes, heart failure, or malignancy, particularly if shock is present or impending.
For intermittent IV administration, a solution containing 1 gram or 2 grams in 10 mL of Sterile Water for Injection can be injected over a period of three to five minutes. Cefotaxime should not be administered over a period of less than three minutes. (See WARNINGS). With an infusion system, it may also be given over a longer period of time through the tubing system by which the patient may be receiving other IV solutions. However, during infusion of the solution containing Cefotaxime for injection, it is advisable to discontinue temporarily the administration of other solutions at the same site.
For the administration of higher doses by continuous IV infusion, a solution cefotaxime may be added to IV bottles containing the solutions discussed below.
Compatibility and Stability
Solutions of Cefotaxime for injection reconstituted as described above (Preparation of Cefotaxime for injection) remain chemically stable (potency remains above 90%) as follows when stored in original containers and disposable plastic syringes:
Strength
Reconstituted Concentration mg/mL
Stability at or below 220C
Stability under Refrigeration (at or below 50C) Original Containers
Plastic Syringes
500 mg vial IM1 g vial IM2 g vial IM500 mg vial IV1 g vial IV2 g vial IV
2303003305095180
12 hours12 hours12 hours24 hours24 hours12 hours
7 days7 days7 days7 days7 days7 days
5 days5 days5 days5 days5 days5 days
Reconstituted solutions stored in original containers and plastic syringes remain stable for 13 weeks frozen.
Reconstituted solutions may be further diluted up to 1000 mL with the following solutions and maintain satisfactory potency for 24 hours at or below 220C, and at least 5 days under refrigeration (at or below 50C): 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection; 5 or 10% Dextrose Injection; 5% Dextrose and 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, 5% Dextrose and 0.45% Sodium Chloride Injection; 5% Dextrose and 0.2% Sodium Chloride Injection; Lactated Ringer's Solution; Sodium Lactate Injection (M/6); 10% Invert Sugar Injection, 8.5% TRAVASOL® (Amino Acid) Injection without Electrolytes.
NOTE: Cefotaxime for injection solutions exhibit maximum stability in the pH 5-7 range. Solutions of Cefotaxime for injection should not be prepared with diluents having a pH above 7.5, such as Sodium Bicarbonate Injection.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
How Supplied
Sterile Cefotaxime for injection, USP is a dry off-white to pale yellow crystalline powder supplied in vials containing cefotaxime sodium as follows:
500 mg cefotaxime (free acid equivalent) in vial.
Package of 1 NDC 64679-947-01Package of 10 NDC 64679-947-02
1 g cefotaxime (free acid equivalent) in vial.Package of 1 NDC 64679-986-01Package of 10 NDC 64679-986-02Package of 25 NDC 64679-986-03Package of 50 NDC 64679-986-04
2 g cefotaxime (free acid equivalent) in vial.Package of 1 NDC 64679-948-01Package of 10 NDC 64679-948-02
NOTE:
Cefotaxime for injection, USP in the dry state, store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. The dry material as well as solutions tend to darken depending on storage conditions and should be protected from elevated temperatures and excessive light.
REFERENCES
Richmond, M. H. and Sykes R. B.: The ß-Lactamases of Gram-Negative Bacteria and their Possible Physiological Role, Advances in Microbial Physiology 9:31-88, 1973.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically - Third Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M7-A3, Vol. 13, No. 25, NCCLS, Villanova, PA, December, 1993.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance Standard for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests - Fifth Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M2-A5, Vol. 13, No. 24, NCCLS, Villanova, PA, December, 1993.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria - Third Edition. Approved Standard NCCLS Document M11-A3, NCCLS, Villanova, PA, December, 1993.
Cockcroft, D.W. and Gault, M.H.: Prediction of Creatinine Clearance from Serum Creatinine, Nephron 16:31-41, 1976.
Manufactured by:
Wockhardt LimitedMumbai, India
Distributed by:
Wockhardt USA LLC.20 Waterview Blvd.Parsippany, NJ 07054USA.
Rev.241109
Package Label.principal Display Panel
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The molecular formula is C16H16N5NaO7S2 and the molecular weight is 477.45Cefotaxime for injection, USP is supplied as a dry powder in conventional vials.
