Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride 750 mg) Dailymed

Generic: ciprofloxacin hydrochloride

Boxed Warning

Boxed Warning Section

WARNING Fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, are associated with an increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture in all ages. This risk is further increased in older patients usually over 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in patients with kidney, heart or lung transplants (see WARNINGS). Fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, may exacerbate muscle weakness in persons with myasthenia gravis. Avoid ciprofloxacin in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis (see WARNINGS).

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Boxed Warning Section

WARNING

Fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, are associated with an increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture in all ages. This risk is further increased in older patients usually over 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in patients with kidney, heart or lung transplants (see WARNINGS).

Fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, may exacerbate muscle weakness in persons with myasthenia gravis. Avoid ciprofloxacin in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis (see WARNINGS).

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin tablets USP and other antibacterial drugs, ciprofloxacin tablets USP should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.

Description

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride tablets USP are a synthetic broad spectrum antimicrobial agent for oral administration. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride USP, a fluoroquinolone, is the monohydrochloride monohydrate salt of 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid. It is a faintly yellowish to light yellow crystalline substance that has the following chemical structure:

C₁₇H₁₈FN₃O₃•HCl•H₂O M.W. 385.8

Each Ciprofloxacin Tablet USP, for oral administration, is available in 250 mg, 500 mg or 750 mg strengths. In addition, each tablet also contains the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polydextrose, polyethylene glycol, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, talc, titanium dioxide and triacetin.

Clinical Pharmacology

Absorption

Ciprofloxacin given as an oral tablet is rapidly and well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. The absolute bioavailability is approximately 70% with no substantial loss by first pass metabolism. Ciprofloxacin maximum serum concentrations and area under the curve are shown in the chart for the 250 mg to 1000 mg dose range.

Dose (mg)

Maximum Serum Concentration

(mcg/mL)

Area Under Curve

(AUC)

(mcg•hr/mL)

250

1.2

4.8

500

2.4

11.6

750

4.3

20.2

1000

5.4

30.8

Maximum serum concentrations are attained 1 to 2 hours after oral dosing. Mean concentrations 12 hours after dosing with 250, 500, or 750 mg are 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mcg/mL, respectively. The serum elimination half-life in subjects with normal renal function is approximately 4 hours. Serum concentrations increase proportionately with doses up to 1000 mg.

A 500 mg oral dose given every 12 hours has been shown to produce an area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC) equivalent to that produced by an intravenous infusion of 400 mg ciprofloxacin given over 60 minutes every 12 hours. A 750 mg oral dose given every 12 hours has been shown to produce an AUC at steady-state equivalent to that produced by an intravenous infusion of 400 mg given over 60 minutes every 8 hours. A 750 mg oral dose results in a C_max similar to that observed with a 400 mg I.V. dose. A 250 mg oral dose given every 12 hours produces an AUC equivalent to that produced by an infusion of 200 mg ciprofloxacin given every 12 hours.

Steady-state Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Multiple Oral and I.V. Doses

Parameters

500 mg

400 mg

750 mg

400 mg

AUC (mcg•hr/mL)

q12h, P.O.

q12h, I.V.

q12h, P.O.

q8h, I.V.

13.7^a

12.7^a

31.6^b

32.9^c

C_max (mcg/mL)

2.97

4.56

3.59

4.07

^aAUC _0-12h

^bAUC 24h = AUC _0-12h×2

^cAUC 24h = AUC _0-8h×3

Distribution

The binding of ciprofloxacin to serum proteins is 20 to 40% which is not likely to be high enough to cause significant protein binding interactions with other drugs.

After oral administration, ciprofloxacin is widely distributed throughout the body. Tissue concentrations often exceed serum concentrations in both men and women, particularly in genital tissue including the prostate. Ciprofloxacin is present in active form in the saliva, nasal and bronchial secretions, mucosa of the sinuses, sputum, skin buler fluid, lymph, peritoneal fluid, bile, and prostatic secretions. Ciprofloxacin has also been detected in lung, skin, fat, muscle, cartilage, and bone. The drug diffuses into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); however, CSF concentrations are generally less than 10% of peak serum concentrations. Low levels of the drug have been detected in the aqueous and vitreous humors of the eye.

Metabolism

Four metabolites have been identified in human urine which together account for approximately 15% of an oral dose. The metabolites have antimicrobial activity, but are less active than unchanged ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin is an inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) mediated metabolism. Coadministration of ciprofloxacin with other drugs primarily metabolized by CYP1A2 results in increased plasma concentrations of these drugs and could lead to clinically significant adverse events of the coadministered drug (see CONTRAINDICATIONS ; WARNINGS ; PRECAUTIONS , Drug Interactions ).

Excretion

The serum elimination half-life in subjects with normal renal function is approximately 4 hours. Approximately 40 to 50% of an orally administered dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug. After a 250 mg oral dose, urine concentrations of ciprofloxacin usually exceed 200 mcg/mL during the first two hours and are approximately 30 mcg/mL at 8 to 12 hours after dosing. The urinary excretion of ciprofloxacin is virtually complete within 24 hours after dosing. The renal clearance of ciprofloxacin, which is approximately 300 mL/minute, exceeds the normal glomerular filtration rate of 120 mL/minute. Thus, active tubular secretion would seem to play a significant role in its elimination. Coadministration of probenecid with ciprofloxacin results in about a 50% reduction in the ciprofloxacin renal clearance and a 50% increase in its concentration in the systemic circulation.

Although bile concentrations of ciprofloxacin are several fold higher than serum concentrations after oral dosing, only a small amount of the dose administered is recovered from the bile as unchanged drug. An additional 1 to 2% of the dose is recovered from the bile in the form of metabolites. Approximately 20 to 35% of an oral dose is recovered from the feces within 5 days after dosing. This may arise from either biliary clearance or transintestinal elimination.

With oral administration, a 500 mg dose, given as 10 mL of the 5% ciprofloxacin suspension (containing 250 mg ciprofloxacin/5 mL) is bioequivalent to the 500 mg tablet.

Drug-Drug Interactions

When ciprofloxacin tablets are given concomitantly with food, there is a delay in the absorption of the drug, resulting in peak concentrations that occur closer to 2 hours after dosing rather than 1 hour. The overall absorption of ciprofloxacin tablets, however, is not substantially affected. Concurrent administration of antacids containing magnesium hydroxide or aluminum hydroxide may reduce the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin by as much as 90% (see PRECAUTIONS ).

The serum concentrations of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole were not altered when these two drugs were given concomitantly.

Concomitant administration with tizanidine is contraindicated (see CONTRAINDICATIONS ).

Concomitant administration of ciprofloxacin with theophylline decreases the clearance of theophylline resulting in elevated serum theophylline levels and increased risk of a patient developing CNS or other adverse reactions. Ciprofloxacin also decreases caffeine clearance and inhibits the formation of paraxanthine after caffeine administration (see WARNINGS , PRECAUTIONS ).

Special Populations

Pharmacokinetic studies of the oral (single dose) form of ciprofloxacin indicate that plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin are higher in elderly subjects (> 65 years) as compared to young adults. Although the C_max is increased 16 to 40%, the increase in mean AUC is approximately 30%, and can be at least partially attributed to decreased renal clearance in the elderly. Elimination half-life is only slightly (~20%) prolonged in the elderly. These differences are not considered clinically significant (see PRECAUTIONS , Geriatric Use ).

In patients with reduced renal function, the half-life of ciprofloxacin is slightly prolonged. Dosage adjustments may be required (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).

In preliminary studies in patients with stable chronic liver cirrhosis, no significant changes in ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics have been observed. The kinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with acute hepatic insufficiency, however, have not been fully elucidated.

Following a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg ciprofloxacin suspension to 16 children ranging in age from 4 months to 7 years, the mean C_max was 2.4 mcg/mL (range: 1.5 to 3.4 mcg/mL) and the mean AUC was 9.2 mcg*h/mL (range: 5.8 to 14.9 mcg*h/mL). There was no apparent age-dependence, and no notable increase in C_max or AUC upon multiple dosing (10 mg/kg TID). In children with severe sepsis who were given intravenous ciprofloxacin (10 mg/kg as a 1 hour infusion), the mean C_max was 6.1 mcg/mL (range: 4.6 to 8.3 mcg/mL) in 10 children less than 1 year of age; and 7.2 mcg/mL (range: 4.7 to 11.8 mcg/mL) in 10 children between 1 and 5 years of age. The AUC values were 17.4 mcg*h/mL (range: 11.8 to 32 mcg*h/mL) and 16.5 mcg*h/mL (range: 11 to 23.8 mcg*h/mL) in the respective age groups. These values are within the range reported for adults at therapeutic doses. Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis of pediatric patients with various infections, the predicted mean half-life in children is approximately 4 to 5 hours, and the bioavailability of the oral suspension is approximately 60%.

Mechanism of Action

The bactericidal action of ciprofloxacin results from inhibition of the enzymes topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV (both Type II topoisomerases), which are required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination.

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, is different from that of penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and tetracyclines; therefore, microorganisms resistant to these classes of drugs may be susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Resistance to fluoroquinolones occurs primarily by either mutations in the DNA gyrases, decreased outer membrane permeability, or drug efflux. In vitro resistance to ciprofloxacin develops slowly by multiple step mutations. Resistance to ciprofloxacin due to spontaneous mutations occurs at a general frequency of between < 10^-9 to 1×10^-6.

Cross-Resistance

There is no known cross-resistance between ciprofloxacin and other classes of antimicrobials.

Ciprofloxacin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section of the package insert for ciprofloxacin hydrochloride tablets.

Gram-positive bacteria

Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-susceptible isolates only)

Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only)

Staphylococcus epidermidis (methicillin-susceptible isolates only)

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible isolates only)

Streptococcus pyogenes

Gram-negative bacteria

Campylobacter jejuni

Proteus mirabilis

Citrobacter koseri (diversus)

Proteus vulgaris

Citrobacter freundii

Providencia rettgeri

Enterobacter cloacae

Providencia stuartii

Escherichia coli

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Haemophilus influenzae

Salmonella typhi

Haemophilus parainfluenzae

Serratia marcescens

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Shigella boydii

Moraxella catarrhalis

Shigella dysenteriae

Morganella morganii

Shigella flexneri

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Shigella sonnei

Ciprofloxacin has been shown to be active against Bacillus anthracis both in vitro and by use of serum levels as a surrogate marker (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE and INHALATIONAL ANTHRAX – ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ).

The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for ciprofloxacin (≤ 1 mcg/mL). However, the efficacy of ciprofloxacin in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.

Gram-positive bacteria

Staphylococcus haemolyticus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only)

Staphylococcus hominis (methicillin-susceptible isolates only)

Bacillus anthracis

Gram-negative bacteria

Acinetobacter lwoffi

Pasteurella multocida

Aeromonas hydrophila

Salmonella enteritidis

Edwardsiella tarda

Vibrio cholerae

Enterobacter aerogenes

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Klebsiella oxytoca

Vibrio vulnificus

Legionella pneumophila

Yersinia enterocolitica

Susceptibility Test Methods

When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide the results of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drug products used in resident hospitals to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting an antibacterial drug product for treatment.

Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized test method (broth and/or agar).^1,3,4 The MIC values should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 1 .

Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters can also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size provides an estimate of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size should be determined using a standardized test method.^2,3,4This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 5 mcg ciprofloxacin to test the susceptibility of bacteria to ciprofloxacin. The disc diffusion interpretive criteria are provided in Table 1 .

Table 1: Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Ciprofloxacin

MIC (mcg/mL)

Zone Diameter (mm)

Bacteria

S

I

R

S

I

R

Enterobacteriaceae

≤ 1

2

≥ 4

≥ 21

16 to 20

≤ 15

Enterococcus faecalis

≤ 1

2

≥ 4

≥ 21

16 to 20

≤ 15

Staphylococcus aureus

≤ 1

2

≥ 4

≥ 21

16 to 20

≤ 15

Staphylococcus epidermidis

≤ 1

2

≥ 4

≥ 21

16 to 20

≤ 15

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

≤ 1

2

≥ 4

≥ 21

16 to 20

≤ 15

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

≤ 1

2

≥ 4

≥ 21

16 to 20

≤ 15

Haemophilus influenzae ^a

≤ 1

-

-

≥ 21

-

-

Haemophilus parainfluenzae ^a

≤ 1

-

^-

≥ 21

-

-

Salmonella typhi

≤ 0.06

0.12 to 0.5

≥ 1

≥ 31

21 to 30

≤ 20

Streptococcus pneumoniae

≤ 1

2

≥ 4

≥ 21

16 to 20

≤ 15

Streptococcus pyogenes

≤ 1

2

≥ 4

≥ 21

16 to 20

≤ 15

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

≤ 0.06

0.12 to 0.5

≥ 1

≥ 41

28 to 40

≤ 27

Bacillus anthracis ^a

≤ 0.25

-

-

-

-

-

S = Susceptible, I = Intermediate, and R = Resistant.

^aThe current absence of data on resistant isolates precludes defining any results other than “Susceptible”. If isolates yield MIC results other than susceptible, they should be submitted to a reference laboratory for further testing.

A report of “Susceptible” indicates that the antimicrobial is likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound reaches the concentrations at the site of infection necessary to inhibit growth of the pathogen. A report of “Intermediate” indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of “Resistant” indicates that the antimicrobial is not likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound reaches the concentrations usually achievable at the infection site; other therapy should be selected.

1. Quality Control

Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test.^1,2,3,4 Standard ciprofloxacin powder should provide the following range of MIC values noted in Table 2 . For the diffusion technique using the ciprofloxacin 5 mcg disk the criteria in Table 2 should be achieved.

Table 2: Acceptable Quality Control Ranges for Ciprofloxacin

Bacteria

MIC range (mcg/mL)

Zone Diameter (mm)

Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212

0.25 to 2

-

Escherichia coli ATCC 25922

0.004 to 0.015

30 to 40

Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247

0.004 to 0.03

34 to 42

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853

0.25 to 1

25 to 33

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213

0.12 to 0.5

-

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

-

22 to 30

Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226

0.001 to 0.008

48 to 58

Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560

0.06 to 0.25 and 0.03 to 0.12

-

Steady-state Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following Multiple Oral and I.V. Doses
Parameters	500 mg	400 mg	750 mg	400 mg
AUC (mcg•hr/mL)	q12h, P.O.	q12h, I.V.	q12h, P.O.	q8h, I.V.
	13.7^a	12.7^a	31.6^b	32.9^c
C_max (mcg/mL)	2.97	4.56	3.59	4.07

Table 1: Susceptibility Test Interpretive Criteria for Ciprofloxacin
	MIC (mcg/mL)	Zone Diameter (mm)
Bacteria	S	I	R	S	I	R
Enterobacteriaceae	≤ 1	2	≥ 4	≥ 21	16 to 20	≤ 15
Enterococcus faecalis	≤ 1	2	≥ 4	≥ 21	16 to 20	≤ 15
Staphylococcus aureus	≤ 1	2	≥ 4	≥ 21	16 to 20	≤ 15
Staphylococcus epidermidis	≤ 1	2	≥ 4	≥ 21	16 to 20	≤ 15
Staphylococcus saprophyticus	≤ 1	2	≥ 4	≥ 21	16 to 20	≤ 15
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	≤ 1	2	≥ 4	≥ 21	16 to 20	≤ 15
Haemophilus influenzae ^a	≤ 1	-	-	≥ 21	-	-
Haemophilus parainfluenzae ^a	≤ 1	-	^-	≥ 21	-	-
Salmonella typhi	≤ 0.06	0.12 to 0.5	≥ 1	≥ 31	21 to 30	≤ 20
Streptococcus pneumoniae	≤ 1	2	≥ 4	≥ 21	16 to 20	≤ 15
Streptococcus pyogenes	≤ 1	2	≥ 4	≥ 21	16 to 20	≤ 15
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	≤ 0.06	0.12 to 0.5	≥ 1	≥ 41	28 to 40	≤ 27
Bacillus anthracis ^a	≤ 0.25	-	-	-	-	-

Table 2: Acceptable Quality Control Ranges for Ciprofloxacin
Bacteria	MIC range (mcg/mL)	Zone Diameter (mm)
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212	0.25 to 2	-
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922	0.004 to 0.015	30 to 40
Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247	0.004 to 0.03	34 to 42
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853	0.25 to 1	25 to 33
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213	0.12 to 0.5	-
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923	-	22 to 30
Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226	0.001 to 0.008	48 to 58
Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560	0.06 to 0.25 and 0.03 to 0.12	-

Indications And Usage

Ciprofloxacin tablets USP are indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible isolates of the designated microorganisms in the conditions and patient populations uled below. Please see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION for specific recommendations.

Adult Patients

Urinary Tract Infections caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobactercloacae, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia rettgeri, Morganella morganii, Citrobacter koseri(diversus), Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcusepidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, or vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecalis.

Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis in Females caused by Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis caused by Escherichia coli or Proteus mirabilis.

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, or penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae. *Also, Moraxella catarrhalis for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.

*Ciprofloxacin is not a drug of first choice in the treatment of presumed or confirmed pneumonia secondary to Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Acute Sinusitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae, penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Moraxella catarrhalis.

Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia stuartii, Morganella morganii, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Streptococcus pyogenes.

Bone and Joint Infections caused by Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections (used in combination with metronidazole) caused by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Bacteroides fragilis.

Infectious Diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic isolates), Campylobacter jejuni, Shigella boydii ^† , Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri or Shigella sonnei ^† when antibacterial therapy is indicated.

^†Although treatment of infections due to this organism in this organ system demonstrated a clinically significant outcome, efficacy was studied in fewer than 10 patients.

Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever) caused by Salmonella typhi.

NOTE: The efficacy of ciprofloxacin in the eradication of the chronic typhoid carrier state has not been demonstrated.

Uncomplicated Cervical and Urethral Gonorrhea due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Pediatric patients (1 to 17 years of age)

Complicated Urinary Tract Infections and Pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli.

NOTE: Although effective in clinical trials, ciprofloxacin is not a drug of first choice in the pediatric population due to an increased incidence of adverse events compared to controls, including events related to joints and/or surrounding tissues (see WARNINGS;PRECAUTIONS, Pediatric Use; ADVERSE REACTIONS and CLINICAL STUDIES ). Ciprofloxacin, like other fluoroquinolones, is associated with arthropathy and histopathological changes in weight-bearing joints of juvenile animals (see ANIMAL PHARMACOLOGY ).

Adult and Pediatric Patients

Inhalational Anthrax (post-exposure): To reduce the incidence or progression of disease following exposure to aerosolized Bacillus anthracis.

Ciprofloxacin serum concentrations achieved in humans served as a surrogate endpoint reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit and provided the initial basis for approval of this indication.⁵ Supportive clinical information for ciprofloxacin for anthrax post-exposure prophylaxis was obtained during the anthrax bioterror attacks of October 2001 (see also, INHALATIONAL ANTHRAX – ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ).

If anaerobic organisms are suspected of contributing to the infection, appropriate therapy should be administered. Appropriate culture and susceptibility tests should be performed before treatment in order to isolate and identify organisms causing infection and to determine their susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Therapy with ciprofloxacin may be initiated before results of these tests are known; once results become available appropriate therapy should be continued. As with other drugs, some isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa may develop resistance fairly rapidly during treatment with ciprofloxacin. Culture and susceptibility testing performed periodically during therapy will provide information not only on the therapeutic effect of the antimicrobial agent but also on the possible emergence of bacterial resistance.

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin tablets and other antibacterial drugs, ciprofloxacin tablets should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

Contraindications

Ciprofloxacin is contraindicated in persons with a history of hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin, any member of the quinolone class of antimicrobial agents, or any of the product components (see DESCRIPTION ).

Concomitant administration with tizanidine is contraindicated (see PRECAUTIONS , Drug ).

Warnings

Tendinopathy and Tendon Rupture

Fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, are associated with an increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture in all ages. This adverse reaction most frequently involves the Achilles tendon, and rupture of the Achilles tendon may require surgical repair. Tendinitis and tendon rupture in the rotator cuff (the shoulder), the hand, the biceps, the thumb, and other tendon sites have also been reported. The risk of developing fluoroquinolone-associated tendinitis and tendon rupture is further increased in older patients usually over 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in patients with kidney, heart or lung transplants. Factors, in addition to age and corticosteroid use, that may independently increase the risk of tendon rupture include strenuous physical activity, renal failure, and previous tendon disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Tendinitis and tendon rupture have also occurred in patients taking fluoroquinolones who do not have the above risk factors. Inflammation and tendon rupture can occur, sometimes bilaterally, even within the first 48 hours, during or after completion of therapy; cases occurring up to several months after completion of therapy have been reported. Ciprofloxacin should be used with caution in patients with a history of tendon disorders. Ciprofloxacin should be discontinued if the patient experiences pain, swelling, inflammation or rupture of a tendon. Patients should be advised to rest at the first sign of tendinitis or tendon rupture, and to contact their healthcare provider regarding changing to a non-quinolone antimicrobial drug.

Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis

Fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, have neuromuscular blocking activity and may exacerbate muscle weakness in persons with myasthenia gravis. Postmarketing serious adverse events, including deaths and requirement for ventilatory support, have been associated with fluoroquinolone use in persons with myasthenia gravis. Avoid ciprofloxacin in patients with known history of myasthenia gravis (see PRECAUTIONS, Information for Patients and ADVERSE REACTIONS, Postmarketing Adverse Event Reports ).

Pregnant Women

THE SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF CIPROFLOXACIN IN PREGNANT AND LACTATING WOMEN HAVE NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED (see PRECAUTIONS , Pregnancy and Nursing Mothers ).

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions, some following the first dose, have been reported in patients receiving quinolone therapy. Some reactions were accompanied by cardiovascular collapse, loss of consciousness, tingling, pharyngeal or facial edema, dyspnea, urticaria, and itching. Only a few patients had a history of hypersensitivity reactions. Serious anaphylactic reactions require immediate emergency treatment with epinephrine. Oxygen, intravenous steroids, and airway management, including intubation, should be administered as indicated.

Other Serious and Sometimes Fatal Reactions

Other serious and sometimes fatal events, some due to hypersensitivity, and some due to uncertain etiology, have been reported rarely in patients receiving therapy with quinolones, including ciprofloxacin. These events may be severe and generally occur following the administration of multiple doses. Clinical manifestations may include one or more of the following:

1.Fever, rash, or severe dermatologic reactions (for example, toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome);

2.Vasculitis; arthralgia; myalgia; serum sickness;

3.Allergic pneumonitis;

4.Interstitial nephritis; acute renal insufficiency or failure;

5.Hepatitis; jaundice; acute hepatic necrosis or failure;

6.Anemia, including hemolytic and aplastic; thrombocytopenia, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; leukopenia; agranulocytosis; pancytopenia; and/or other hematologic abnormalities.

The drug should be discontinued immediately at the first appearance of a skin rash, jaundice, or any other sign of hypersensitivity and supportive measures instituted (see PRECAUTIONS, Information for Patients and ADVERSE REACTIONS ).

Hepatobiliary System

Cases of severe hepatotoxicity, including hepatic necrosis, life-threatening hepatic failure, and fatal events, have been reported with ciprofloxacin. Acute liver injury is rapid in onset (range 1 to 39 days), and is often associated with hypersensitivity. The pattern of injury can be hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed. Most patients with fatal outcomes were older than 55 years old. In the event of any signs and symptoms of hepatitis (such as anorexia, jaundice, dark urine, pruritus, or tender abdomen), treatment should be discontinued immediately (see ADVERSE REACTIONS ).

There can be a temporary increase in transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, or cholestatic jaundice, especially in patients with previous liver damage, who are treated with ciprofloxacin (see ADVERSE REACTIONS ).

Theophylline

SERIOUS AND FATAL REACTIONS HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN PATIENTS RECEIVING CONCURRENT ADMINISTRATION OF CIPROFLOXACIN AND THEOPHYLLINE. These reactions have included cardiac arrest, seizure, status epilepticus, and respiratory failure. Although similar serious adverse effects have been reported in patients receiving theophylline alone, the possibility that these reactions may be potentiated by ciprofloxacin cannot be eliminated. If concomitant use cannot be avoided, serum levels of theophylline should be monitored and dosage adjustments made as appropriate.

Central Nervous System Effects

Convulsions, increased intracranial pressure (including pseudotumor cerebri), and toxic psychosis have been reported in patients receiving fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin may also cause central nervous system (CNS) events including: dizziness, confusion, tremors, hallucinations, depression, and, rarely, psychotic reactions have progressed to suicidal ideations/thoughts and self-injurious behavior such as attempted or completed suicide. These reactions may occur following the first dose. If these reactions occur in patients receiving ciprofloxacin, the drug should be discontinued, patients should be advised to inform their healthcare provider immediately and appropriate measures instituted. Ciprofloxacin, like other fluoroquinolones, is known to trigger seizures or lower the seizure threshold. As with all fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin should be used with caution in epileptic patients and patients with known or suspected CNS disorders that may predispose to seizures or lower the seizure threshold (for example, severe cerebral arteriosclerosis, previous history of convulsion, reduced cerebral blood flow, altered brain structure, or stroke), or in the presence of other risk factors that may predispose to seizures or lower the seizure threshold (for example, certain drug therapy, renal dysfunction). Ciprofloxacin should only be used where the benefits of treatment exceed the risks, since these patients are endangered because of possible undesirable CNS side effects. Cases of status epilepticus have been reported. If seizures occur, ciprofloxacin should be discontinued (see PRECAUTIONS, General , Information for Patients , Drug Interactions and ADVERSE REACTIONS ).

-Associated Diarrhea

Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including ciprofloxacin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.

C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing isolates of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.

If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.

Peripheral Neuropathy

Rare cases of sensory or sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy affecting small and/or large axons resulting in paresthesias, hypoesthesias, dysesthesias and weakness have been reported in patients receiving quinolones, including ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin should be discontinued if the patient experiences symptoms of neuropathy including pain, burning, tingling, numbness, and/or weakness, or is found to have deficits in light touch, pain, temperature, position sense, vibratory sensation, and/or motor strength in order to prevent the development of an irreversible condition. Patients treated with ciprofloxacin should be advised to inform their healthcare provider prior to continuing treatment if symptoms of neuropathy develop.

Musculoskeletal Disorders in Pediatric Patients and Arthropathic Effects in Animals

Ciprofloxacin should be used in pediatric patients (less than 18 years of age) only for infections uled in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section. An increased incidence of adverse events compared to controls, including events related to joints and/or surrounding tissues, has been observed (see ADVERSE REACTIONS ).

In pre-clinical studies, oral administration of ciprofloxacin caused lameness in immature dogs. Histopathological examination of the weight-bearing joints of these dogs revealed permanent lesions of the cartilage. Related quinolone-class drugs also produce erosions of cartilage of weight-bearing joints and other signs of arthropathy in immature animals of various species (see ANIMAL PHARMACOLOGY ).

Prolongation of the QT Interval

Some fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, have been associated with prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram and infrequent cases of arrhythmia. Rare cases of torsade de pointes have been spontaneously reported during postmarketing surveillance in patients receiving fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin should be avoided in patients with known prolongation of the QT interval, risk factors for QT prolongation or torsade de pointes (for example, congenital long QT syndrome, uncorrected electrolyte imbalance, such as hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia and cardiac disease, such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, or bradycardia), and patients receiving Class IA antiarrhythmic agents (quinidine, procainamide), or Class III antiarrhythmic agents (amiodarone, sotalol), tricyclic antidepressants, macrolides, and antipsychotics. Elderly patients may also be more susceptible to drug-associated effects on the QT interval (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions and Geriatric Use ).

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) Drug Interactions

Ciprofloxacin is an inhibitor of the hepatic CYP1A2 enzyme pathway. Coadministration of ciprofloxacin and other drugs primarily metabolized by CYP1A2 (for example, theophylline, methylxanthines, caffeine, tizanidine, ropinirole, clozapine, olanzapine) results in increased plasma concentrations of the coadministered drug and could lead to clinically significant pharmacodynamic side effects of the coadministered drug (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions ).

Syphilis

Ciprofloxacin has not been shown to be effective in the treatment of syphilis. Antimicrobial agents used in high dose for short periods of time to treat gonorrhea may mask or delay the symptoms of incubating syphilis. All patients with gonorrhea should have a serologic test for syphilis at the time of diagnosis. Patients treated with ciprofloxacin should have a follow-up serologic test for syphilis after three months.

Precautions

General

Crystals of ciprofloxacin have been observed rarely in the urine of human subjects but more frequently in the urine of laboratory animals, which is usually alkaline (see ANIMAL PHARMACOLOGY ). Crystalluria related to ciprofloxacin has been reported only rarely in humans because human urine is usually acidic. Alkalinity of the urine should be avoided in patients receiving ciprofloxacin. Patients should be well hydrated to prevent the formation of highly concentrated urine.

Central Nervous System

Quinolones, including ciprofloxacin, may also cause central nervous system (CNS) events, including: nervousness, agitation, insomnia, anxiety, nightmares or paranoia (see WARNINGS , Information for Patients and Drug Interactions ).

Renal Impairment

Alteration of the dosage regimen is necessary for patients with impairment of renal function (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).

Photosensitivity/Phototoxicity

Moderate to severe photosensitivity/phototoxicity reactions, the latter of which may manifest as exaggerated sunburn reactions (for example, burning, erythema, exudation, vesicles, bulering, edema) involving areas exposed to light (typically the face, “V” area of the neck, extensor surfaces of the forearms, dorsa of the hands), can be associated with the use of quinolones after sun or UV light exposure. Therefore, excessive exposure to these sources of light should be avoided. Drug therapy should be discontinued if phototoxicity occurs (see ADVERSE REACTIONS, Postmarketing Adverse Event Reports ).

As with any potent drug, periodic assessment of organ system functions, including renal, hepatic, and hematopoietic function, is advisable during prolonged therapy.

Prescribing ciprofloxacin tablets in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

Information for Patients

Patients should be advised:

1.To contact their healthcare provider if they experience pain, swelling, or inflammation of a tendon, or weakness or inability to use one of their joints; rest and refrain from exercise; and discontinue ciprofloxacin treatment. The risk of severe tendon disorder with fluoroquinolones is higher in older patients usually over 60 years of age, in patients taking corticosteroid drugs, and in patients with kidney, heart or lung transplants.

2.That fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin may cause worsening of myasthenia gravis symptoms, including muscle weakness and breathing problems. Patients should call their healthcare provider right away if they have any worsening muscle weakness or breathing problems.

3.That antibacterial drugs including ciprofloxacin tablets should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (for example, the common cold). When ciprofloxacin tablets are prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by ciprofloxacin tablets or other antibacterial drugs in the future.

4.That ciprofloxacin may be taken with or without meals and to drink fluids liberally. As with other quinolones, concurrent administration of ciprofloxacin with magnesium/aluminum antacids, polymeric phosphate binders (for example, sevelamer, lanthanum carbonate) or sucralfate, Videx^® (didanosine) chewable/buffered tablets or pediatric powder, other highly buffered drugs, or with other products containing calcium, iron or zinc should be avoided. Ciprofloxacin may be taken two hours before or six hours after taking these products. Ciprofloxacin should not be taken with dairy products (like milk or yogurt) or calcium-fortified juices alone since absorption of ciprofloxacin may be significantly reduced; however, ciprofloxacin may be taken with a meal that contains these products.

5.That ciprofloxacin may be associated with hypersensitivity reactions, even following a single dose, and to discontinue the drug at the first sign of a skin rash or other allergic reaction.

6.That photosensitivity/phototoxicity has been reported in patients receiving quinolones. Patients should minimize or avoid exposure to natural or artificial sunlight (tanning beds or UVA/B treatment) while taking quinolones. If patients need to be outdoors while using quinolones, they should wear loose-fitting clothes that protect skin from sun exposure and discuss other sun protection measures with their physician. If a sunburn-like reaction or skin eruption occurs, patients should contact their physician.

7.That peripheral neuropathies have been associated with ciprofloxacin use. If symptoms of peripheral neuropathy including pain, burning, tingling, numbness and/or weakness develop, they should discontinue treatment and contact their physicians.

8.That ciprofloxacin may cause dizziness and lightheadedness; therefore, patients should know how they react to this drug before they operate an automobile or machinery or engage in activities requiring mental alertness or coordination.

9.That ciprofloxacin increases the effects of tizanidine (Zanaflex^®). Patients should not use ciprofloxacin if they are already taking tizanidine.

10.That ciprofloxacin may increase the effects of theophylline and caffeine. There is a possibility of caffeine accumulation when products containing caffeine are consumed while taking quinolones.

11.That convulsions have been reported in patients receiving quinolones, including ciprofloxacin, and to notify their physician before taking this drug if there is a history of this condition.

12.That ciprofloxacin has been associated with an increased rate of adverse events involving joints and surrounding tissue structures (like tendons) in pediatric patients (less than 18 years of age). Parents should inform their child’s physician if the child has a history of joint-related problems before taking this drug. Parents of pediatric patients should also notify their child’s physician of any joint-related problems that occur during or following ciprofloxacin therapy (see WARNINGS ; PRECAUTIONS , Pediatric Use and ADVERSE REACTIONS ).

13.That diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.

Drug Interactions

In a pharmacokinetic study, systemic exposure of tizanidine (4 mg single dose) was significantly increased (C_max 7 fold, AUC 10 fold) when the drug was given concomitantly with ciprofloxacin (500 mg BID for 3 days). The hypotensive and sedative effects of tizanidine were also potentiated. Concomitant administration of tizanidine and ciprofloxacin is contraindicated (see CONTRAINDICATIONS ).

As with some other quinolones, concurrent administration of ciprofloxacin with theophylline may lead to elevated serum concentrations of theophylline and prolongation of its elimination half-life. This may result in increased risk of theophylline-related adverse reactions (see WARNINGS ). If concomitant use cannot be avoided, serum levels of theophylline should be monitored and dosage adjustments made as appropriate.

Some quinolones, including ciprofloxacin, have also been shown to interfere with the metabolism of caffeine. This may lead to reduced clearance of caffeine and a prolongation of its serum half-life. On concurrent administration of ciprofloxacin and caffeine or pentoxifylline containing products, elevated serum concentrations of these xanthine derivatives were reported.

Concurrent administration of a quinolone, including ciprofloxacin, with multivalent cation-containing products such as magnesium/aluminum antacids, polymeric phosphate binders (for example, sevelamer, lanthanum carbonate) sucralfate, Videx^® (didanosine) chewable/buffered tablets or pediatric powder, other highly buffered drugs, or products containing calcium, iron, or zinc may substantially decrease its absorption, resulting in serum and urine levels considerably lower than desired (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION for concurrent administration of these agents with ciprofloxacin).

Histamine H₂-receptor antagonists appear to have no significant effect on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin.

Concomitant administration of a single tablet dose of 500 mg ciprofloxacin and once-daily administration of 20 mg omeprazole pretreatment for 4 days resulted in a 16% reduction of mean C_max and mean AUC of ciprofloxacin.

Altered serum levels of phenytoin (increased and decreased) have been reported in patients receiving concomitant ciprofloxacin. To avoid the loss of seizure control associated with decreased phenytoin levels, and to prevent phenytoin overdose-related undesirable effects when ciprofloxacin is discontinued in patients receiving both agents, monitoring of phenytoin therapy, including phenytoin serum concentration measurements, is recommended during and shortly after coadministration of ciprofloxacin with phenytoin.

Hypoglycemia has been reported when ciprofloxacin and oral antidiabetic agents, mainly sulfonylureas (for example, glyburide, glimepiride), were coadministered, presumably by intensifying the action of the oral antidiabetic agent (see ADVERSE REACTIONS ). The concomitant administration of ciprofloxacin with glyburide has, on rare occasions, resulted in severe hypoglycemia. Fatalities have been reported.

The serum concentrations of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole were not altered when these two drugs were given concomitantly.

Some quinolones, including ciprofloxacin, have been associated with transient elevations in serum creatinine in patients receiving cyclosporine concomitantly.

Simultaneous administration of ciprofloxacin with an oral anticoagulant may augment the effect of the anticoagulant. The risk may vary with the underlying infection, age and general status of the patient so that the contribution of ciprofloxacin to the increase in INR (international normalized ratio) is difficult to assess. Prothrombin time and INR should be monitored frequently during and shortly after coadministration of ciprofloxacin with an oral anticoagulant (for example, warfarin).

Probenecid interferes with renal tubular secretion of ciprofloxacin and produces an increase in the level of ciprofloxacin in the serum. This should be considered if patients are receiving both drugs concomitantly.

Renal tubular transport of methotrexate may be inhibited by concomitant administration of ciprofloxacin potentially leading to increased plasma levels of methotrexate. This might increase the risk of methotrexate associated toxic reactions. Therefore, patients under methotrexate therapy should be carefully monitored when concomitant ciprofloxacin therapy is indicated.

Metoclopramide significantly accelerates the absorption of oral ciprofloxacin resulting in shorter time to reach maximum plasma concentrations. No significant effect was observed on the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin.

In clinical studies it was demonstrated that concomitant use of duloxetine with strong inhibitors of the CYP450 1A2 isozyme such as fluvoxamine, may result in a 5 fold increase in mean AUC and a 2.5 fold increase in mean C_maxof duloxetine. Although no clinical data are available on a possible interaction with ciprofloxacin, similar effects can be expected upon concomitant administration.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (but not acetyl salicylic acid) in combination of very high doses of quinolones have been shown to provoke convulsions in pre-clinical studies.

In a study conducted in 12 patients with Parkinson’s disease who were administered 6 mg ropinirole once daily with 500 mg ciprofloxacin twice-daily, the mean C_max and mean AUC of ropinirole were increased by 60% and 84%, respectively. Monitoring for ropinirole-related side effects and appropriate dose adjustment of ropinirole is recommended during and shortly after coadministration with ciprofloxacin (see WARNINGS, Cytochrome P450 ).

In a study conducted in 9 healthy volunteers, concomitant use of 1.5 mg/kg I.V. lidocaine with 500 mg ciprofloxacin twice daily, resulted in an increase of lidocaine C_max and AUC by 12% and 26%, respectively. Although lidocaine treatment was well tolerated at this elevated exposure, a possible interaction with ciprofloxacin and an increase in side effects related to lidocaine may occur upon concomitant administration.

Following concomitant administration of 250 mg ciprofloxacin with 304 mg clozapine for 7 days, serum concentrations of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine were increased by 29% and 31%, respectively. Careful monitoring of clozapine associated adverse effects and appropriate adjustment of clozapine dosage during and shortly after coadministration with ciprofloxacin are advised (see WARNINGS ).

Following concomitant administration of a single oral dose of 50 mg sildenafil with 500 mg ciprofloxacin to healthy subjects, the mean C_max and mean AUC of sildenafil were both increased approximately two-fold. Therefore, sildenafil should be used with caution when coadministered with ciprofloxacin.

Precaution should be taken when using ciprofloxacin concomitantly with drugs known to prolong the QT interval (for example, class IA or III antiarrhythmics, tricyclic antidepressants, macrolides, antipsychotics) as ciprofloxacin may have an additive effect on the QT interval (see WARNINGS, Prolongation of the QT Interval and PRECAUTIONS, Geriatric Use ).

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Eight in vitro mutagenicity tests have been conducted with ciprofloxacin, and the test results are uled below:

Salmonella/Microsome Test (Negative)

E. coli DNA Repair Assay (Negative)

Mouse Lymphoma Cell Forward Mutation Assay (Positive)

Chinese Hamster V₇₉ Cell HGPRT Test (Negative)

Syrian Hamster Embryo Cell Transformation Assay (Negative)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Point Mutation Assay (Negative)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mitotic Crossover and Gene Conversion Assay (Negative)

Rat Hepatocyte DNA Repair Assay (Positive)

Thus, 2 of the 8 tests were positive, but results of the following 3 in vivo test systems gave negative results:

Rat Hepatocyte DNA Repair Assay

Micronucleus Test (Mice)

Dominant Lethal Test (Mice)

Long-term carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice resulted in no carcinogenic or tumorigenic effects due to ciprofloxacin at daily oral dose levels up to 250 and 750 mg/kg to rats and mice, respectively (approximately 1.7 and 2.5 times the highest recommended therapeutic dose based upon mg/m²).

Results from photo co-carcinogenicity testing indicate that ciprofloxacin does not reduce the time to appearance of UV-induced skin tumors as compared to vehicle control. Hairless (Skh-1) mice were exposed to UVA light for 3.5 hours five times every two weeks for up to 78 weeks while concurrently being administered ciprofloxacin. The time to development of the first skin tumors was 50 weeks in mice treated concomitantly with UVA and ciprofloxacin (mouse dose approximately equal to maximum recommended human dose based upon mg/m²), as opposed to 34 weeks when animals were treated with both UVA and vehicle. The times to development of skin tumors ranged from 16 to 32 weeks in mice treated concomitantly with UVA and other quinolones.⁵

In this model, mice treated with ciprofloxacin alone did not develop skin or systemic tumors. There are no data from similar models using pigmented mice and/or fully haired mice. The clinical significance of these findings to humans is unknown.

Fertility studies performed in rats at oral doses of ciprofloxacin up to 100 mg/kg (approximately 0.7 times the highest recommended therapeutic dose based upon mg/m²) revealed no evidence of impairment.

Pregnancy

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Ciprofloxacin should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to both fetus and mother (see WARNINGS ). An expert review of published data on experiences with ciprofloxacin use during pregnancy by TERIS – the Teratogen Information System – concluded that therapeutic doses during pregnancy are unlikely to pose a substantial teratogenic risk (quantity and quality of data = fair), but the data are insufficient to state that there is no risk.⁹

A controlled prospective observational study followed 200 women exposed to fluoroquinolones (52.5% exposed to ciprofloxacin and 68% first trimester exposures) during gestation.¹⁰ In utero exposure to fluoroquinolones during embryogenesis was not associated with increased risk of major malformations. The reported rates of major congenital malformations were 2.2% for the fluoroquinolone group and 2.6% for the control group (background incidence of major malformations is 1 to 5%). Rates of spontaneous abortions, prematurity and low birth weight did not differ between the groups and there were no clinically significant musculoskeletal dysfunctions up to one year of age in the ciprofloxacin exposed children.

Another prospective follow-up study reported on 549 pregnancies with fluoroquinolone exposure (93% first trimester exposures).¹¹ There were 70 ciprofloxacin exposures, all within the first trimester. The malformation rates among live-born babies exposed to ciprofloxacin and to fluoroquinolones overall were both within background incidence ranges. No specific patterns of congenital abnormalities were found. The study did not reveal any clear adverse reactions due to in utero exposure to ciprofloxacin.

No differences in the rates of prematurity, spontaneous abortions, or birth weight were seen in women exposed to ciprofloxacin during pregnancy.^9,10 However, these small postmarketing epidemiology studies, of which most experience is from short-term, first trimester exposure, are insufficient to evaluate the risk for less common defects or to permit reliable and definitive conclusions regarding the safety of ciprofloxacin in pregnant women and their developing fetuses. Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and mice using oral doses up to 100 mg/kg (0.6 and 0.3 times the maximum daily human dose based upon body surface area, respectively) and have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to ciprofloxacin. In rabbits, oral ciprofloxacin dose levels of 30 and 100 mg/kg (approximately 0.4 and 1.3 times the highest recommended therapeutic dose based upon mg/m²) produced gastrointestinal toxicity resulting in maternal weight loss and an increased incidence of abortion, but no teratogenicity was observed at either dose level. After intravenous administration of doses up to 20 mg/kg (approximately 0.3 times the highest recommended therapeutic dose based upon mg/m²), no maternal toxicity was produced, and no embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was observed (see WARNINGS ).

Nursing Mothers

Ciprofloxacin is excreted in human milk. The amount of ciprofloxacin absorbed by the nursing infant is unknown. Because of the potential risk of serious adverse reactions (including articular damage) in infants nursing from mothers taking ciprofloxacin, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Pediatric Use

Ciprofloxacin, like other quinolones, causes arthropathy and histological changes in weight-bearing joints of juvenile animals resulting in lameness (see ANIMAL PHARMACOLOGY ).

Ciprofloxacin is indicated in pediatric patients for inhalational anthrax (post-exposure). The risk-benefit assessment indicates that administration of ciprofloxacin to pediatric patients is appropriate. For information regarding pediatric dosing in inhalational anthrax (post-exposure), see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and Inhalational Anthrax – Additional Information.

Ciprofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli. Although effective in clinical trials, ciprofloxacin is not a drug of first choice in the pediatric population due to an increased incidence of adverse events compared to the controls, including events related to joints and/or surrounding tissues. The rates of these events in pediatric patients with complicated urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis within six weeks of follow-up were 9.3% (31/335) versus 6% (21/349) for control agents. The rates of these events occurring at any time up to the one year follow-up were 13.7% (46/335) and 9.5% (33/349), respectively. The rate of all adverse events regardless of drug relationship at six weeks was 41% (138/335) in the ciprofloxacin arm compared to 31% (109/349) in the control arm (see ADVERSE REACTIONS and CLINICAL STUDIES ).

Short-term safety data from a single trial in pediatric cystic fibrosis patients are available. In a randomized, double-blind clinical trial for the treatment of acute pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis patients (ages 5 to 17 years), 67 patients received ciprofloxacin I.V. 10 mg/kg/dose q8h for one week followed by ciprofloxacin tablets 20 mg/kg/dose q12h to complete 10 to 21 days treatment and 62 patients received the combination of ceftazidime I.V. 50 mg/kg/dose q8h and tobramycin I.V. 3 mg/kg/dose q8h for a total of 10 to 21 days. Patients less than 5 years of age were not studied. Safety monitoring in the study included periodic range of motion examinations and gait assessments by treatment-blinded examiners. Patients were followed for an average of 23 days after completing treatment (range 0 to 93 days). This study was not designed to determine long-term effects and the safety of repeated exposure to ciprofloxacin.

Musculoskeletal adverse events in patients with cystic fibrosis were reported in 22% of the patients in the ciprofloxacin group and 21% in the comparison group. Decreased range of motion was reported in 12% of the subjects in the ciprofloxacin group and 16% in the comparison group. Arthralgia was reported in 10% of the patients in the ciprofloxacin group and 11% in the comparison group. Other adverse events were similar in nature and frequency between treatment arms. One of sixty-seven patients developed arthritis of the knee nine days after a ten day course of treatment with ciprofloxacin. Clinical symptoms resolved, but an MRI showed knee effusion without other abnormalities eight months after treatment. However, the relationship of this event to the patient’s course of ciprofloxacin can not be definitively determined, particularly since patients with cystic fibrosis may develop arthralgias/arthritis as part of their underlying disease process.

Geriatric Use

Geriatric patients are at increased risk for developing severe tendon disorders including tendon rupture when being treated with a fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin. This risk is further increased in patients receiving concomitant corticosteroid therapy. Tendinitis or tendon rupture can involve the Achilles, hand, shoulder, or other tendon sites and can occur during or after completion of therapy; cases occurring up to several months after fluoroquinolone treatment have been reported. Caution should be used when prescribing ciprofloxacin to elderly patients especially those on corticosteroids. Patients should be informed of this potential side effect and advised to discontinue ciprofloxacin and contact their healthcare provider if any symptoms of tendinitis or tendon rupture occur (see Boxed Warning; WARNINGS and ADVERSE REACTIONS, Postmarketing Adverse Event Reports ).

In a retrospective analysis of 23 multiple-dose controlled clinical trials of ciprofloxacin encompassing over 3500 ciprofloxacin treated patients, 25% of patients were greater than or equal to 65 years of age and 10% were greater than or equal to 75 years of age. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals on any drug therapy cannot be ruled out. Ciprofloxacin is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. No alteration of dosage is necessary for patients greater than 65 years of age with normal renal function. However, since some older individuals experience reduced renal function by virtue of their advanced age, care should be taken in dose selection for elderly patients, and renal function monitoring may be useful in these patients (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).

In general, elderly patients may be more susceptible to drug-associated effects on the QT interval. Therefore, precaution should be taken when using ciprofloxacin tablets with concomitant drugs that can result in prolongation of the QT interval (for example, class IA or class III antiarrhythmics) or in patients with risk factors for torsade de pointes (for example, known QT prolongation, uncorrected hypokalemia) (see WARNINGS ).

Adverse Reactions

Adverse Reactions in Adult Patients

During clinical investigations with oral and parenteral ciprofloxacin, 49,038 patients received courses of the drug. Most of the adverse events reported were described as only mild or moderate in severity, abated soon after the drug was discontinued, and required no treatment. Ciprofloxacin was discontinued because of an adverse event in 1% of orally treated patients.

The most frequently reported drug related events, from clinical trials of all formulations, all dosages, all drug-therapy durations, and for all indications of ciprofloxacin therapy were nausea (2.5%), diarrhea (1.6%), liver function tests abnormal (1.3%), vomiting (1%), and rash (1%).

Additional medically important events that occurred in less than 1% of ciprofloxacin patients are uled below.

Body as a Whole: headache, abdominal pain/discomfort, foot pain, pain, pain in extremities, injection site reaction (ciprofloxacin intravenous)

Cardiovascular: palpitation, atrial flutter, ventricular ectopy, syncope, hypertension, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiopulmonary arrest, cerebral thrombosis, phlebitis, tachycardia, migraine, hypotension

Central Nervous System: restlessness, dizziness, lightheadedness, insomnia, nightmares, hallucinations, manic reaction, irritability, tremor, ataxia, convulsive seizures (including status epilepticus), grand mal convulsion, lethargy, drowsiness, weakness, malaise, anorexia, phobia, depersonalization, depression (potentially culminating in self-injurious behavior, such as suicidal ideations/thoughts and attempted or completed suicide), paresthesia, abnormal gait

Gastrointestinal: painful oral mucosa, oral candidiasis, dysphagia, intestinal perforation, gastrointestinal bleeding, cholestatic jaundice, hepatitis

Hemic/Lymphatic: lymphadenopathy, petechia

Metabolic/Nutritional: amylase increase, lipase increase, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia

Musculoskeletal: arthralgia or back pain, joint stiffness, achiness, neck or chest pain, flare up of gout, muscle weakness

Renal/Urogenital: interstitial nephritis, nephritis, renal failure, polyuria, urinary retention, urethral bleeding, vaginitis, acidosis, breast pain

Respiratory: dyspnea, epistaxis, laryngeal or pulmonary edema, hiccough, hemoptysis, bronchospasm, pulmonary embolism

Skin/Hypersensitivity: allergic reaction, pruritus, urticaria, photosensitivity/phototoxicity reaction, flushing, fever, chills, angioedema, edema of the face, neck, lips, conjunctivae or hands, cutaneous candidiasis, hyperpigmentation, erythema nodosum, sweating

Special Senses: blurred vision, disturbed vision (change in color perception, overbrightness of lights), decreased visual acuity, diplopia, eye pain, tinnitus, hearing loss, bad taste, chromatopsia

In several instances nausea, vomiting, tremor, irritability, or palpitation were judged by investigators to be related to elevated serum levels of theophylline possibly as a result of drug interaction with ciprofloxacin.

In randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trials comparing ciprofloxacin tablets (500 mg BID) to cefuroxime axetil (250 mg to 500 mg BID) and to clarithromycin (500 mg BID) in patients with respiratory tract infections, ciprofloxacin demonstrated a CNS adverse event profile comparable to the control drugs.

Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients

Ciprofloxacin, administered I.V. and/or orally, was compared to a cephalosporin for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) or pyelonephritis in pediatric patients 1 to 17 years of age (mean age of 6 ± 4 years). The trial was conducted in the US, Canada, Argentina, Peru, Costa Rica, Mexico, South Africa, and Germany. The duration of therapy was 10 to 21 days (mean duration of treatment was 11 days with a range of 1 to 88 days). The primary objective of the study was to assess musculoskeletal and neurological safety within 6 weeks of therapy and through one year of follow-up in the 335 ciprofloxacin- and 349 comparator-treated patients enrolled.

An Independent Pediatric Safety Committee (IPSC) reviewed all cases of musculoskeletal adverse events as well as all patients with an abnormal gait or abnormal joint exam (baseline or treatment-emergent). These events were evaluated in a comprehensive fashion and included such conditions as arthralgia, abnormal gait, abnormal joint exam, joint sprains, leg pain, back pain, arthrosis, bone pain, pain, myalgia, arm pain, and decreased range of motion in a joint. The affected joints included: knee, elbow, ankle, hip, wrist, and shoulder. Within 6 weeks of treatment initiation, the rates of these events were 9.3% (31/335) in the ciprofloxacin-treated group versus 6% (21/349) in comparator-treated patients. The majority of these events were mild or moderate in intensity. All musculoskeletal events occurring by 6 weeks resolved (clinical resolution of signs and symptoms), usually within 30 days of end of treatment. Radiological evaluations were not routinely used to confirm resolution of the events. The events occurred more frequently in ciprofloxacin-treated patients than control patients, regardless of whether they received I.V. or oral therapy. Ciprofloxacin-treated patients were more likely to report more than one event and on more than one occasion compared to control patients. These events occurred in all age groups and the rates were consistently higher in the ciprofloxacin group compared to the control group. At the end of 1 year, the rate of these events reported at any time during that period was 13.7% (46/335) in the ciprofloxacin-treated group versus 9.5% (33/349) comparator-treated patients.

An adolescent female discontinued ciprofloxacin for wrist pain that developed during treatment. An MRI performed 4 weeks later showed a tear in the right ulnar fibrocartilage. A diagnosis of overuse syndrome secondary to sports activity was made, but a contribution from ciprofloxacin cannot be excluded. The patient recovered by 4 months without surgical intervention.

Findings Involving Joint or Periarticular Tissues as Assessed by the IPSC

Ciprofloxacin

Comparator

All Patients (within 6 weeks)

31/335 (9.3%)

21/349 (6%)

95% Confidence Interval*

(-0.8%, +7.2%)

Age Group

≥ 12 months < 24 months

1/36 (2.8%)

0/41

≥ 2 years < 6 years

5/124 (4%)

3/118 (2.5%)

≥ 6 years < 12 years

18/143 (12.6%)

12/153 (7.8%)

≥ 12 years to 17 years

7/32 (21.9%)

6/37 (16.2 %)

All Patients (within 1 year)

46/335 (13.7%)

33/349 (9.5%)

95% Confidence Interval*

(-0.6%, +9.1%)

*The study was designed to demonstrate that the arthropathy rate for the ciprofloxacin group did not exceed that of the control group by more than + 6%. At both the 6 week and 1 year evaluations, the 95% confidence interval indicated that it could not be concluded that the ciprofloxacin group had findings comparable to the control group.

The incidence rates of neurological events within 6 weeks of treatment initiation were 3% (9/335) in the ciprofloxacin group versus 2% (7/349) in the comparator group and included dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, and somnolence.

In this trial, the overall incidence rates of adverse events regardless of relationship to study drug and within 6 weeks of treatment initiation were 41% (138/335) in the ciprofloxacin group versus 31% (109/349) in the comparator group. The most frequent events were gastrointestinal: 15% (50/335) of ciprofloxacin patients compared to 9% (31/349) of comparator patients. Serious adverse events were seen in 7.5% (25/335) of ciprofloxacin-treated patients compared to 5.7% (20/349) of control patients. Discontinuation of drug due to an adverse event was observed in 3% (10/335) of ciprofloxacin-treated patients versus 1.4% (5/349) of comparator patients. Other adverse events that occurred in at least 1% of ciprofloxacin patients were diarrhea 4.8%, vomiting 4.8%, abdominal pain 3.3%, accidental injury 3%, rhinitis 3%, dyspepsia 2.7%, nausea 2.7%, fever 2.1%, asthma 1.8% and rash 1.8%.

In addition to the events reported in pediatric patients in clinical trials, it should be expected that events reported in adults during clinical trials or postmarketing experience may also occur in pediatric patients.

Postmarketing Adverse Event Reports

The following adverse events have been reported from worldwide marketing experience with fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin. Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Decisions to include these events in labeling are typically based on one or more of the following factors: (1) seriousness of the event, (2) frequency of the reporting, or (3) strength of causal connection to the drug.

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), agitation, agranulocytosis, albuminuria, anaphylactic reactions (including life-threatening anaphylactic shock), anosmia, candiduria, cholesterol elevation (serum), confusion, constipation, delirium, dyspepsia, dysphagia, erythema multiforme, exfoliative dermatitis, fixed eruption, flatulence, glucose elevation (blood), hemolytic anemia, hepatic failure (including fatal cases), hepatic necrosis, hyperesthesia, hypertonia, hypesthesia, hypotension (postural), International Normalized Ratio (INR) increased (in patients treated with Vitamin K antagonists), jaundice, marrow depression (life threatening), methemoglobinemia, moniliasis (oral, gastrointestinal, vaginal), myalgia, myasthenia, exacerbation of myasthenia gravis, myoclonus, nystagmus, pancreatitis, pancytopenia (life threatening or fatal outcome), peripheral neuropathy, phenytoin alteration (serum), photosensitivity/phototoxicity reaction, polyneuropathy, potassium elevation (serum), prothrombin time prolongation or decrease, pseudomembranous colitis (The onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antimicrobial treatment.), psychosis (toxic), QT prolongation, renal calculi, serum sickness like reaction, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, taste loss, tendinitis, tendon rupture, torsade de pointes, toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell’s syndrome), triglyceride elevation (serum), twitching, vaginal candidiasis, vasculitis and ventricular arrhythmia (see PRECAUTIONS ).

Adverse events were also reported by persons who received ciprofloxacin for anthrax post-exposure prophylaxis following the anthrax bioterror attacks of October 2001 (see also Inhalational Anthrax – Additional Information ).

Adverse Laboratory Changes

Changes in laboratory parameters uled as adverse events without regard to drug relationship are uled below:

Hepatic- Elevations of ALT (SGPT) (1.9%), AST (SGOT) (1.7%), alkaline phosphatase (0.8%), LDH (0.4%), serum bilirubin (0.3%).

Hematologic- Eosinophilia (0.6%), leukopenia (0.4%), decreased blood platelets (0.1%), elevated blood platelets (0.1%), pancytopenia (0.1%).

Renal- Elevations of serum creatinine (1.1%), BUN (0.9%), crystalluria, cylindruria, and hematuria have been reported.

Other changes occurring in less than 0.1% of courses were: elevation of serum gammaglutamyl transferase, elevation of serum amylase, reduction in blood glucose, elevated uric acid, decrease in hemoglobin, anemia, bleeding diathesis, increase in blood monocytes, and leukocytosis.

Overdosage

In the event of acute overdosage, reversible renal toxicity has been reported in some cases. The stomach should be emptied by inducing vomiting or by gastric lavage. The patient should be carefully observed and given supportive treatment, including monitoring of renal function, urinary pH and acidify, if required, to prevent crystalluria and administration of magnesium, aluminum, or calcium containing antacids, which can reduce the absorption of ciprofloxacin. Adequate hydration must be maintained. Only a small amount of ciprofloxacin (< 10%) is removed from the body after hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.

Single doses of ciprofloxacin were relatively non-toxic via the oral route of administration in mice, rats, and dogs. No deaths occurred within a 14 day post treatment observation period at the highest oral doses tested; up to 5000 mg/kg in either rodent species, or up to 2500 mg/kg in the dog. Clinical signs observed included hypoactivity and cyanosis in both rodent species and severe vomiting in dogs. In rabbits, significant mortality was seen at doses of ciprofloxacin > 2500 mg/kg. Mortality was delayed in these animals, occurring 10 to 14 days after dosing.

In mice, rats, rabbits and dogs, significant toxicity including tonic/clonic convulsions was observed at intravenous doses of ciprofloxacin between 125 and 300 mg/kg.

Dosage And Administration

Adults

Ciprofloxacin tablets USP should be administered orally to adults as described in the Dosage Guidelines table.

The determination of dosage for any particular patient must take into consideration the severity and nature of the infection, the susceptibility of the causative organism, the integrity of the patient’s host-defense mechanisms, and the status of renal function and hepatic function.

The duration of treatment depends upon the severity of infection. The usual duration is 7 to 14 days; however, for severe and complicated infections more prolonged therapy may be required. Ciprofloxacin should be administered at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after magnesium/aluminum antacids, polymeric phosphate binders (for example, sevelamer, lanthanum carbonate) or sucralfate, Videx^® (didanosine) chewable/buffered tablets or pediatric powder for oral solution, other highly buffered drugs, or other products containing calcium, iron or zinc.

ADULT DOSAGE GUIDELINES

Infection

Severity

Dose

Frequency

Usual Durations ^†

Urinary Tract

Acute Uncomplicated

250 mg

q12h

3 days

Mild/Moderate

250 mg

q12h

7 to 14 days

Severe/Complicated

500 mg

q12h

7 to 14 days

Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

Mild/Moderate

500 mg

q12h

28 days

Lower Respiratory Tract

Mild/Moderate

500 mg

q12h

7 to 14 days

Severe/Complicated

750 mg

q12h

7 to 14 days

Acute Sinusitis

Mild/Moderate

500 mg

q12h

10 days

Skin and Skin Structure

Mild/Moderate

500 mg

q12h

7 to 14 days

Severe/Complicated

750 mg

q12h

7 to 14 days

Bone and Joint

Mild/Moderate

500 mg

q12h

≥ 4 to 6 weeks

Severe/Complicated

750 mg

q12h

≥ 4 to 6 weeks

Intra-Abdominal^*

Complicated

500 mg

q12h

7 to 14 days

Infectious Diarrhea

Mild/Moderate/Severe

500 mg

q12h

5 to 7 days

Typhoid Fever

Mild/Moderate

500 mg

q12h

10 days

Urethral and Cervical Gonococcal Infections

Uncomplicated

250 mg

single dose

single dose

Inhalational anthrax (post-exposure)^**

500 mg

q12h

60 days

^*Used in conjunction with metronidazole

^†Generally ciprofloxacin should be continued for at least 2 days after the signs and symptoms of infection have disappeared, except for inhalational anthrax (post-exposure).

^**Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure.

This indication is based on a surrogate endpoint, ciprofloxacin serum concentrations achieved in humans, reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit.⁶ For a discussion of ciprofloxacin serum concentrations in various human populations, see Inhalational Anthrax – Additional Information.

Conversion of I.V. to Oral Dosing in Adults

Patients whose therapy is started with ciprofloxacin I.V. may be switched to ciprofloxacin tablets USP when clinically indicated at the discretion of the physician (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and table below for the equivalent dosing regimens).

Equivalent AUC Dosing Regimens

Ciprofloxacin Oral Dosage

Equivalent Ciprofloxacin I.V. Dosage

250 mg Tablet q12h

200 mg I.V. q12h

500 mg Tablet q12h

400 mg I.V. q12h

750 mg Tablet q12h

400 mg I.V. q8h

Adults With Impaired Renal Function

Ciprofloxacin is eliminated primarily by renal excretion; however, the drug is also metabolized and partially cleared through the biliary system of the liver and through the intestine. These alternative pathways of drug elimination appear to compensate for the reduced renal excretion in patients with renal impairment. Nonetheless, some modification of dosage is recommended, particularly for patients with severe renal dysfunction. The following table provides dosage guidelines for use in patients with renal impairment:

RECOMMENDED STARTING AND MAINTENANCE DOSES FOR PATIENTS WITH IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION

Creatinine Clearance (mL/min)

Dose

> 50

See Usual Dosage

30 to 50

250 to 500 mg q12h

5 to 29

250 to 500 mg q18h

Patients on hemodialysis or Peritoneal dialysis

250 to 500 mg q 24 h (after dialysis)

When only the serum creatinine concentration is known, the following formula may be used to estimate creatinine clearance.

Men: Creatinine clearance (mL/min) = Weight (kg) × (140 - age)

72 × serum creatinine (mg/dL)

Women: 0.85 × the value calculated for men.

The serum creatinine should represent a steady state of renal function.

In patients with severe infections and severe renal impairment, a unit dose of 750 mg may be administered at the intervals noted above. Patients should be carefully monitored.

Pediatrics

Ciprofloxacin tablets USP should be administered orally as described in the Dosage Guidelines table. An increased incidence of adverse events compared to controls, including events related to joints and/or surrounding tissues, has been observed (see ADVERSE REACTIONS and CLINICAL STUDIES ).

Dosing and initial route of therapy (that is, I.V. or oral) for complicated urinary tract infection or pyelonephritis should be determined by the severity of the infection. In the clinical trial, pediatric patients with moderate to severe infection were initiated on 6 to 10 mg/kg I.V. every 8 hours and allowed to switch to oral therapy (10 to 20 mg/kg every 12 hours), at the discretion of the physician.

PEDIATRIC DOSAGE GUIDELINES

Infection

Route of Administration

Dose (mg/kg)

Frequency

Total Duration

Complicated Urinary Tract or Pyelonephritis

Intravenous

6 to 10 mg/kg (maximum 400 mg per dose; not to be exceeded even in patients weighing > 51 kg)

Every 8 hours

10 to 21 days^*

(patients from 1 to 17 years of age)

Oral

10 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg (maximum 750 mg per dose; not to be exceeded even in patients weighing > 51 kg)

Every 12 hours

Inhalational Anthrax (Post- Exposure)^**

Intravenous

10 mg/kg (maximum 400 mg per dose)

Every 12 hours

60 days

Oral

15 mg/kg (maximum 500 mg per dose)

Every 12 hours

* The total duration of therapy for complicated urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis in the clinical trial was determined by the physician. The mean duration of treatment was 11 days (range 10 to 21 days).

** Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure to Bacillus anthracis spores. This indication is based on a surrogate endpoint, ciprofloxacin serum concentrations achieved in humans, reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit.⁶ For a discussion of ciprofloxacin serum concentrations in various human populations, see Inhalational Anthrax In Adults and Pediatrics, Additional Information .

Pediatric patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency were excluded from the clinical trial of complicated urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis. No information is available on dosing adjustments necessary for pediatric patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency (that is, creatinine clearance of < 50 mL/min/1.73m²).

How Supplied

Ciprofloxacin Tablets USP, 250 mg are available as white to off-white, oval, biconvex, unscored, film-coated tablets, debossed “TEVA” on one side and “5311” on the other side containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride USP equivalent to 250 mg ciprofloxacin, packaged in bottles of 100 tablets.

Ciprofloxacin Tablets USP, 500 mg are available as white to off-white, oval, biconvex, unscored, film-coated tablets, debossed “TEVA” on one side and “5312” on the other side containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride USP equivalent to 500 mg ciprofloxacin, packaged in bottles of 100 and 500 tablets.

Ciprofloxacin Tablets USP, 750 mg are available as white to off-white, oval, biconvex, unscored, film-coated tablets, debossed “TEVA” on one side and “5313” on the other side containing ciprofloxacin hydrochloride USP equivalent to 750 mg ciprofloxacin, packaged in bottles of 100 tablets.

Dispense in a well-closed container as defined in the USP, with a child-resistant closure (as required).

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

KEEP THIS AND ALL MEDICATIONS OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.

Animal Pharmacology

Ciprofloxacin and other quinolones have been shown to cause arthropathy in immature animals of most species tested (see WARNINGS ). Damage of weight bearing joints was observed in juvenile dogs and rats. In young beagles, 100 mg/kg ciprofloxacin, given daily for 4 weeks, caused degenerative articular changes of the knee joint. At 30 mg/kg, the effect on the joint was minimal. In a subsequent study in young beagle dogs, oral ciprofloxacin doses of 30 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg ciprofloxacin (approximately 1.3 and 3.5 times the pediatric dose based upon comparative plasma AUCs) given daily for 2 weeks caused articular changes which were still observed by histopathology after a treatment-free period of 5 months. At 10 mg/kg (approximately 0.6 times the pediatric dose based upon comparative plasma AUCs), no effects on joints were observed. This dose was also not associated with arthrotoxicity after an additional treatment-free period of 5 months. In another study, removal of weight bearing from the joint reduced the lesions but did not totally prevent them.

Crystalluria, sometimes associated with secondary nephropathy, occurs in laboratory animals dosed with ciprofloxacin. This is primarily related to the reduced solubility of ciprofloxacin under alkaline conditions, which predominate in the urine of test animals; in man, crystalluria is rare since human urine is typically acidic. In rhesus monkeys, crystalluria without nephropathy was noted after single oral doses as low as 5 mg/kg (approximately 0.07 times the highest recommended therapeutic dose based upon mg/m²). After 6 months of intravenous dosing at 10 mg/kg/day, no nephropathological changes were noted; however, nephropathy was observed after dosing at 20 mg/kg/day for the same duration (approximately 0.2 times the highest recommended therapeutic dose based upon mg/m²).

In dogs, ciprofloxacin at 3 and 10 mg/kg by rapid I.V. injection (15 sec.) produces pronounced hypotensive effects. These effects are considered to be related to histamine release, since they are partially antagonized by pyrilamine, an antihistamine. In rhesus monkeys, rapid I.V. injection also produces hypotension but the effect in this species is inconsistent and less pronounced.

In mice, concomitant administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as phenylbutazone and indomethacin with quinolones has been reported to enhance the CNS stimulatory effect of quinolones.

Ocular toxicity seen with some related drugs has not been observed in ciprofloxacin-treated animals.

Clinical Studies

Complicated Urinary Tract Infection and Pyelonephritis Efficacy in Pediatric Patients

NOTE: Although effective in clinical trials, ciprofloxacin is not a drug of first choice in the pediatric population due to an increased incidence of adverse events compared to controls, including events related to joints and/or surrounding tissues.

Ciprofloxacin, administered I.V. and/or orally, was compared to a cephalosporin for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) and pyelonephritis in pediatric patients 1 to 17 years of age (mean age of 6 ± 4 years). The trial was conducted in the US, Canada, Argentina, Peru, Costa Rica, Mexico, South Africa, and Germany. The duration of therapy was 10 to 21 days (mean duration of treatment was 11 days with a range of 1 to 88 days). The primary objective of the study was to assess musculoskeletal and neurological safety.

Patients were evaluated for clinical success and bacteriological eradication of the baseline organism(s) with no new infection or superinfection at 5 to 9 days post-therapy (Test of Cure or TOC). The Per Protocol population had a causative organism(s) with protocol specified colony count(s) at baseline, no protocol violation, and no premature discontinuation or loss to follow-up (among other criteria).

The clinical success and bacteriologic eradication rates in the Per Protocol population were similar between ciprofloxacin and the comparator group as shown below.

Clinical Success and Bacteriologic Eradication at Test of Cure (5 to 9 Days Post-Therapy)

Ciprofloxacin

Comparator

Randomized Patients

337

352

Per Protocol Patients

211

231

Clinical Response at 5 to 9 Days

95.7% (202/211)

92.6% (214/231)

Post-Treatment

95% CI [-1.3%, 7.3%]

Bacteriologic Eradication by

84.4% (178/211)

78.3% (181/231)

Patient at 5 to 9 Days

Post-Treatment^*

95% CI [ -1.3%, 13.1%]

Bacteriologic Eradication of the

Baseline Pathogen at 5 to 9 Days

Post-Treatment

Escherichia coli

156/178 (88%)

161/179 (90%)

* Patients with baseline pathogen(s) eradicated and no new infections or superinfections/total number of patients. There were 5.5% (6/211) ciprofloxacin and 9.5% (22/231) comparator patients with superinfections or new infections.

Inhalational Anthrax in Adults and Pediatrics

The mean serum concentrations of ciprofloxacin associated with a statistically significant improvement in survival in the rhesus monkey model of inhalational anthrax are reached or exceeded in adult and pediatric patients receiving oral and intravenous regimens (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ). Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in various human populations. The mean peak serum concentration achieved at steady-state in human adults receiving 500 mg orally every 12 hours is 2.97 mcg/mL, and 4.56 mcg/mL following 400 mg intravenously every 12 hours. The mean trough serum concentration at steady-state for both of these regimens is 0.2 mcg/mL. In a study of 10 pediatric patients between 6 and 16 years of age, the mean peak plasma concentration achieved is 8.3 mcg/mL and trough concentrations range from 0.09 to 0.26 mcg/mL, following two 30 minute intravenous infusions of 10 mg/kg administered 12 hours apart. After the second intravenous infusion patients switched to 15 mg/kg orally every 12 hours achieve a mean peak concentration of 3.6 mcg/mL after the initial oral dose. Long-term safety data, including effects on cartilage, following the administration of ciprofloxacin to pediatric patients are limited. (For additional information, see PRECAUTIONS , Pediatric Use .) Ciprofloxacin serum concentrations achieved in humans serve as a surrogate endpoint reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit and provide the basis for this indication.⁶

A placebo-controlled animal study in rhesus monkeys exposed to an inhaled mean dose of 11 LD₅₀ (~5.5 × 10⁵ spores (range 5 to 30 LD₅₀) of B. anthracis was conducted. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin for the anthrax strain used in this study was 0.08 mcg/mL. In the animals studied, mean serum concentrations of ciprofloxacin achieved at expected T_max (1 hour post-dose) following oral dosing to steady-state ranged from 0.98 to 1.69 mcg/mL. Mean steady-state trough concentrations at 12 hours post-dose ranged from 0.12 to 0.19 mcg/mL.⁷ Mortality due to anthrax for animals that received a 30 day regimen of oral ciprofloxacin beginning 24 hours post-exposure was significantly lower (1/9), compared to the placebo group (9/10) [p = 0.001]. The one ciprofloxacin-treated animal that died of anthrax did so following the 30 day drug administration period.⁸

More than 9300 persons were recommended to complete a minimum of 60 days of antibiotic prophylaxis against possible inhalational exposure to B. anthracis during 2001. Ciprofloxacin was recommended to most of those individuals for all or part of the prophylaxis regimen. Some persons were also given anthrax vaccine or were switched to alternative antibiotics. No one who received ciprofloxacin or other therapies as prophylactic treatment subsequently developed inhalational anthrax. The number of persons who received ciprofloxacin as all or part of their post-exposure prophylaxis regimen is unknown.

Among the persons surveyed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, over 1000 reported receiving ciprofloxacin as sole post-exposure prophylaxis for inhalational anthrax. Gastrointestinal adverse events (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach pain), neurological adverse events (problems sleeping, nightmares, headache, dizziness or lightheadedness) and musculoskeletal adverse events (muscle or tendon pain and joint swelling or pain) were more frequent than had been previously reported in controlled clinical trials. This higher incidence, in the absence of a control group, could be explained by a reporting bias, concurrent medical conditions, other concomitant medications, emotional stress or other confounding factors, and/or a longer treatment period with ciprofloxacin. Because of these factors and limitations in the data collection, it is difficult to evaluate whether the reported symptoms were drug-related.

References

1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard – 9^th Edition. CLSI Document M7-A9, CLSI, 950 West Valley Rd., Suite 2500, Wayne, PA, January, 2012.

2. CLSI, Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard – 11^th Edition. CLSI Document M2-A11, CLSI, Wayne, PA, January, 2012.

3. CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; 22^nd Informational Supplement. CLSI Document M100 S22, January 2012.

4. CLSI. Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria; Approved Guideline – 2^nd Edition. CLSI Document M45 A2, January 2010.

5. Report presented at the FDA’s Anti-Infective Drug and Dermatological Drug Product’s Advisory Committee meeting, March 31, 1993, Silver Spring, MD. Report available from FDA, CDER, Advisors and Consultants Staff, HFD-21, 1901 Chapman Avenue, Room 200, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.

6. 21 CFR 314.510 (Subpart H – Accelerated Approval of New Drugs for Life-Threatening Illnesses).

7. Kelly DJ, et al. Serum concentrations of penicillin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin during prolonged therapy in rhesus monkeys. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 1184-7.

8. Friedlander AM, et al. Postexposure prophylaxis against experimental inhalational anthrax. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 1239-42.

9. Friedman J, Polifka J. Teratogenic effects of drugs: a resource for clinicians (TERIS). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000: 149-195.

10. Loebstein R, Addis A, Ho E, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to fluoroquinolones: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998; 42(6): 1336-1339.

11. Schaefer C, Amoura-Elefant E, Vial T, et al. Pregnancy outcome after prenatal quinolone exposure. Evaluation of a case registry of the European network of teratology information services (ENTIS). Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1996; 69:83-89.

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Medication Guide

CIPROFLOXACIN (SIP-roe-FLOX-a-sin) TABLETS USP

Read the Medication Guide that comes with ciprofloxacin before you start taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or your treatment.

What is the most important information I should know about ciprofloxacin?

Ciprofloxacin belongs to a class of antibiotics called fluoroquinolones. Ciprofloxacin can cause side effects that may be serious or even cause death. If you get any of the following serious side effects, get medical help right away. Talk with your healthcare provider about whether you should continue to take ciprofloxacin.

1. Tendon rupture or swelling of the tendon (tendinitis)

• Tendon problems can happen in people of all ages who take ciprofloxacin. Tendons are tough cords of tissue that connect muscles to bones. Symptoms of tendon problems may include:

• Pain, swelling, tears and inflammation of tendons including the back of the ankle (Achilles), shoulder, hand, or other tendon sites.

• The risk of getting tendon problems while you take ciprofloxacin is higher if you:

- Are over 60 years of age

- Are taking steroids (corticosteroids)

- Have had a kidney, heart, or lung transplant

• Tendon problems can happen in people who do not have the above risk factors

when they take ciprofloxacin. Other reasons that can increase your risk of tendon problems can include:

- Physical activity or exercise

- Kidney failure

- Tendon problems in the past, such as in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

• Call your healthcare provider right away at the first sign of tendon pain, swelling or inflammation. Stop taking ciprofloxacin until tendinitis or tendon rupture has been ruled out by your healthcare provider. Avoid exercise and using the affected area. The most common area of pain and swelling is the Achilles tendon at the back of your ankle. This can also happen with other tendons.

• Talk to your healthcare provider about the risk of tendon rupture with continued use of ciprofloxacin. You may need a different antibiotic that is not a fluoroquinolone to treat your infection.

• Tendon rupture can happen while you are taking or after you have finished taking ciprofloxacin. Tendon ruptures have happened up to several months after patients have finished taking their fluoroquinolone.

• Get medical help right away if you get any of the following signs or symptoms of a tendon rupture:

- Hear or feel a snap or pop in a tendon area

- Bruising right after an injury in a tendon area

- Unable to move the affected area or bear weight

2. Worsening of myasthenia gravis (a disease which causes muscle weakness).

Fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin may cause worsening of myasthenia gravis symptoms, including muscle weakness and breathing problems. Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any worsening muscle weakness or breathing problems.

See the section “What are the possible side effects of ciprofloxacin?” for more information about side effects.

What is ciprofloxacin?

Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic medicine used to treat certain infections caused by certain germs called bacteria.

Children less than 18 years of age have a higher chance of getting bone, joint, or tendon (musculoskeletal) problems such as pain or swelling while taking ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin should not be used as the first choice of antibiotic medicine in children under 18 years of age.

Ciprofloxacin should not be used in children under 18 years old, except to treat specific serious infections, such as complicated urinary tract infections and to prevent anthrax disease after breathing the anthrax bacteria germ (inhalational exposure).

Sometimes infections are caused by viruses rather than by bacteria. Examples include viral infections in the sinuses and lungs, such as the common cold or flu. Antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, do not kill viruses.

Call your healthcare provider if you think your condition is not getting better while you are taking ciprofloxacin.

Who should not take ciprofloxacin?

Do not take ciprofloxacin if you:

• Have ever had a severe allergic reaction to an antibiotic known as a fluoroquinolone, or are allergic to any of the ingredients in ciprofloxacin. Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure. See the ul of ingredients in ciprofloxacin at the end of this Medication Guide.

• Also take a medicine called tizanidine (Zanaflex^®). Serious side effects from tizanidine are likely to happen.

What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking ciprofloxacin?

See “ What is the most important information I should know about ciprofloxacin?”

Tell your healthcare provider about all your medical conditions, including if you:

• Have tendon problems.

• Have a disease that causes muscle weakness (myasthenia gravis).

• Have central nervous system problems (such as epilepsy).

• Have nerve problems.

• Have or anyone in your family has an irregular heartbeat, especially a condition called “QT prolongation”.

• Have a history of seizures.

• Have kidney problems. You may need a lower dose of ciprofloxacin if your kidneys do not work well.

• Have rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or other history of joint problems.

• Have trouble swallowing pills.

• Are pregnant or planning to become pregnant. It is not known if ciprofloxacin will harm your unborn child.

• Are breastfeeding or planning to breastfeed. Ciprofloxacin passes into breast milk. You and your healthcare provider should decide whether you will take ciprofloxacin or breastfeed.

Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal and dietary supplements. Ciprofloxacin and other medicines can affect each other causing side effects. Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take:

• An NSAID (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug). Many common medicines for pain relief are NSAIDs. Taking an NSAID while you take ciprofloxacin or other fluoroquinolones may increase your risk of central nervous system effects and seizures.

See “What are the possible side effects of ciprofloxacin?”.

• A blood thinner (such as warfarin, Coumadin^®, Jantoven^®).

• Tizanidine (Zanaflex^®). You should not take ciprofloxacin if you are already taking tizanidine.

See “Who should not take ciprofloxacin?”.

• Theophylline (such as Theo-24^®, Elixophyllin^®, Theochron^®, Uniphyl^®, Theolair^®).

• Glyburide (Micronase^®, Glynase^®, Diabeta^®, Glucovance^®). See “What are the possible side effects of ciprofloxacin?”.

• Phenytoin (Fosphenytoin Sodium^®, Cerebyx^®, Dilantin-125^®, Dilantin^®, Extended Phenytoin Sodium^®, Prompt Phenytoin Sodium^®, Phenytek^®).

• Products that contain caffeine.

• A medicine to control your heart rate or rhythm (antiarrhythmics). See “What are the possible side effects of ciprofloxacin?”.

• An anti-psychotic medicine.

• A tricyclic antidepressant.

• A water pill (diuretic).

• A steroid medicine. Corticosteroids taken by mouth or by injection may increase the chance of tendon injury. See “What is the most important information I should know about ciprofloxacin?”.

• Methotrexate (Trexall^®).

• Probenecid (Probalan^®, Col-probenecid^®).

• Metoclopramide (Reglan^®, Reglan ODT^®).

• Ropinirole (Requip^®).

• Lidocaine (Xylocaine^®intravenous infusion).

• Clozapine (Clozaril^®, Fazaclo^®ODT^®).

• Pentoxifylline (Trental^®).

• Sildenafil (Viagra^®, Revatio^®).

• Cyclosporine (Gengraf^®, Neoral^®, Sandimmune^®, Sangcya^®).

• Omeprazole.

• Certain medicines may keep ciprofloxacin from working correctly. Take ciprofloxacin either 2 hours before or 6 hours after taking these products:

- An antacid, multivitamin, or other product that has magnesium, calcium, aluminum, iron,

or zinc.

- Sucralfate (Carafate^®).

- Didanosine (Videx^®, Videx EC^®).

Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if any of your medicines are uled above.

Know the medicines you take. Keep a ul of your medicines and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.

How should I take ciprofloxacin?

• Take ciprofloxacin exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider.

• Take ciprofloxacin in the morning and evening at about the same time each day. Swallow the tablet whole. Do not split, crush or chew the tablet. Tell your healthcare provider if you can not swallow the tablet whole.

• Ciprofloxacin can be taken with or without food.

• Ciprofloxacin should not be taken with dairy products (like milk or yogurt) or calcium-fortified juices alone, but may be taken with a meal that contains these products.

• Drink plenty of fluids while taking ciprofloxacin.

• Do not skip any doses, or stop taking ciprofloxacin even if you begin to feel better, until you finish your prescribed treatment, unless:

- you have tendon effects (see “What is the most important information I should know

about ciprofloxacin?”),

- you have a serious allergic reaction (see “What are the possible side effects of

ciprofloxacin?”), or

- your healthcare provider tells you to stop.

This will help make sure that all of the bacteria are killed and lower the chance that the bacteria will become resistant to ciprofloxacin. If this happens, ciprofloxacin and other antibiotic medicines may not work in the future.

• If you miss a dose of ciprofloxacin, take it as soon as you remember. Do not take two doses at the same time, and do not take more than two doses in one day.

• If you take too much, call your healthcare provider or get medical help immediately.

If you have been prescribed ciprofloxacin after being exposed to anthrax:

•Ciprofloxacin has been approved to lessen the chance of getting anthrax disease or worsening of the disease after you are exposed to the anthrax bacteria germ.

•Take ciprofloxacin exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. Do not stop taking ciprofloxacin without talking with your healthcare provider. If you stop taking ciprofloxacin too soon, it may not keep you from getting the anthrax disease.

•Side effects may happen while you are taking ciprofloxacin. When taking your ciprofloxacin to prevent anthrax infection, you and your healthcare provider should talk about whether the risks of stopping ciprofloxacin too soon are more important than the risks of side effects with ciprofloxacin.

• If you are pregnant, or plan to become pregnant while taking ciprofloxacin, you and your healthcare provider should decide whether the benefits of taking ciprofloxacin for anthrax are more important than the risks.

What should I avoid while taking ciprofloxacin?

• Ciprofloxacin can make you feel dizzy and lightheaded. Do not drive, operate machinery, or do other activities that require mental alertness or coordination until you know how ciprofloxacin affects you.

• Avoid sunlamps, tanning beds, and try to limit your time in the sun. Ciprofloxacin can make your skin sensitive to the sun (photosensitivity) and the light from sunlamps and tanning beds. You could get severe sunburn, bulers or swelling of your skin. If you get any of these symptoms while taking ciprofloxacin, call your healthcare provider right away. You should use a sunscreen and wear a hat and clothes that cover your skin if you have to be in sunlight.

What are the possible side effects of ciprofloxacin?

• Ciprofloxacin can cause side effects that may be serious or even cause death. See “What is the most important information I should know about ciprofloxacin?”

Other serious side effects of ciprofloxacin include:

• Theophylline

You may have serious seizure and breathing problems when you take theophylline with ciprofloxacin. These problems may lead to death. Get emergency help right away if you have seizures or trouble breathing.

• Central Nervous System effects

Seizures have been reported in people who take fluoroquinolone antibiotics including ciprofloxacin. Tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of seizures. Ask your healthcare provider whether taking ciprofloxacin will change your risk of having a seizure.

Central Nervous System (CNS) side effects may happen as soon as after taking the first dose of ciprofloxacin. Talk to your healthcare provider right away if you get any of these side effects, or other changes in mood or behavior:

- Feel dizzy

- Seizures

- Hear voices, see things, or sense things that are not there (hallucinations)

- Feel restless

- Tremors

- Feel anxious or nervous

- Confusion

- Depression

- Trouble sleeping

- Nightmares

- Feel more suspicious (paranoia)

- Suicidal thoughts or acts

• Serious allergic reactions

Allergic reactions, including death, can happen in people taking fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, even after only one dose. Stop taking ciprofloxacin and get emergency medical help right away if you get any of the following symptoms of a severe allergic reaction:

- Hives

- Trouble breathing or swallowing

- Swelling of the lips, tongue, face

- Throat tightness, hoarseness

- Rapid heartbeat

- Faint

- Yellowing of the skin or eyes. Stop taking ciprofloxacin and tell your healthcare provider right away if you get yellowing of your skin or white part of your eyes, or if you have dark urine. These can be signs of a serious reaction to ciprofloxacin (a liver problem).

• Skin rash

Skin rash may happen in people taking ciprofloxacin even after only one dose. Stop taking ciprofloxacin at the first sign of a skin rash and call your healthcare provider. Skin rash may be a sign of a more serious reaction to ciprofloxacin.

• Serious heart rhythm changes (QT prolongation and torsade de pointes)

Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have a change in your heart beat (a fast or irregular heartbeat), or if you faint. Ciprofloxacin may cause a rare heart problem known as prolongation of the QT interval. This condition can cause an abnormal heartbeat and can be very dangerous. The chances of this event are higher in people:

- Who are elderly

- With a family history of prolonged QT interval

- With low blood potassium (hypokalemia)

- Who take certain medicines to control heart rhythm (antiarrhythmics)

• Intestine infection (Pseudomembranous colitis)

Pseudomembranous colitis can happen with most antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin. Call your healthcare provider right away if you get watery diarrhea, diarrhea that does not go away, or bloody stools. You may have stomach cramps and a fever. Pseudomembranous colitis can happen 2 or more months after you have finished your antibiotic.

• Changes in sensation and possible nerve damage (Peripheral Neuropathy)

Damage to the nerves in arms, hands, legs, or feet can happen in people who take fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin. Talk with your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in your arms, hands, legs, or feet:

- Pain

- Burning

- Tingling

- Numbness

- Weakness

Ciprofloxacin may need to be stopped to prevent permanent nerve damage.

• Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

People who take ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolone medicines with the oral anti-diabetes medicine glyburide (Micronase^®, Glynase^®, Diabeta^®, Glucovance^®) can get low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) which can sometimes be severe. Tell your healthcare provider if you get low blood sugar with ciprofloxacin. Your antibiotic medicine may need to be changed.

• Sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity). See “What should I avoid while taking ciprofloxacin?”.

• Joint Problems

Increased chance of problems with joints and tissues around joints in children under 18 years old. Tell your child’s healthcare provider if your child has any joint problems during or after treatment with ciprofloxacin.

The most common side effects of ciprofloxacin include:

• Nausea

• Diarrhea

• Changes in liver function tests

• Vomiting

• Rash

• Vaginal yeast infection

• Pain or discomfort in the abdomen

• Headache

These are not all the possible side effects of ciprofloxacin. Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you, or that does not go away.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

How should I store ciprofloxacin?

• Store ciprofloxacin at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F).

Keep ciprofloxacin and all medicines out of the reach of children.

General Information about ciprofloxacin

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those uled in a Medication Guide. Do not use ciprofloxacin for a condition for which it is not prescribed. Do not give ciprofloxacin to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.

This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about ciprofloxacin. If you would like more information about ciprofloxacin, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about ciprofloxacin that is written for healthcare professionals. For more information about ciprofloxacin tablets, call Teva Pharmaceuticals Medical Affairs at 1-888-838-2872.

What are the ingredients in ciprofloxacin?

• Active ingredient: ciprofloxacin

• Inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polydextrose, polyethylene glycol, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, talc, titanium dioxide and triacetin

This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Manufactured In Croatia By:

PLIVA HRVATSKA d.o.o.

Zagreb, Croatia

Manufactured For:

TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA

Sellersville, PA 18960

Rev. F 2/2013

All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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NDC: 55154-6177-0

Ciprofloxacin Tablets USP

250 mg*

10 Tablets

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CIPROFLOXACIN

Tablets USP

500 mg*

*Each tablet contains ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, USP equivalent to 500 mg ciprofloxacin

Rx only

25 TABLETS

IVAX

WARNING: Keep out of reach of children

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NDC: 55154-6187-0

Ciprofloxacin Tablets USP

750 mg*

10 Tablets

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NDC: 55154-6164-0

Ciprofloxacin Tablets USP

500 mg*

10 Tablets

Principal Display Panel

CIPROFLOXACIN

Tablets USP

500 mg*

*Each tablet contains ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, USP equivalent to 500 mg ciprofloxacin

Rx only

10 TABLETS

TEVA

WARNING: Keep out of reach of children

Findings Involving Joint or Periarticular Tissues as Assessed by the IPSC
	Ciprofloxacin	Comparator
All Patients (within 6 weeks)	31/335 (9.3%)	21/349 (6%)
95% Confidence Interval*	(-0.8%, +7.2%)
Age Group
≥ 12 months < 24 months	1/36 (2.8%)	0/41
≥ 2 years < 6 years	5/124 (4%)	3/118 (2.5%)
≥ 6 years < 12 years	18/143 (12.6%)	12/153 (7.8%)
≥ 12 years to 17 years	7/32 (21.9%)	6/37 (16.2 %)

All Patients (within 1 year)	46/335 (13.7%)	33/349 (9.5%)
95% Confidence Interval*	(-0.6%, +9.1%)

ADULT DOSAGE GUIDELINES
Infection	Severity	Dose	Frequency	Usual Durations ^†
Urinary Tract	Acute Uncomplicated	250 mg	q12h	3 days
Mild/Moderate	250 mg	q12h	7 to 14 days
Severe/Complicated	500 mg	q12h	7 to 14 days
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis	Mild/Moderate	500 mg	q12h	28 days
Lower Respiratory Tract	Mild/Moderate	500 mg	q12h	7 to 14 days
Severe/Complicated	750 mg	q12h	7 to 14 days
Acute Sinusitis	Mild/Moderate	500 mg	q12h	10 days
Skin and Skin Structure	Mild/Moderate	500 mg	q12h	7 to 14 days
Severe/Complicated	750 mg	q12h	7 to 14 days
Bone and Joint	Mild/Moderate	500 mg	q12h	≥ 4 to 6 weeks
Severe/Complicated	750 mg	q12h	≥ 4 to 6 weeks
Intra-Abdominal^*	Complicated	500 mg	q12h	7 to 14 days
Infectious Diarrhea	Mild/Moderate/Severe	500 mg	q12h	5 to 7 days
Typhoid Fever	Mild/Moderate	500 mg	q12h	10 days
Urethral and Cervical Gonococcal Infections	Uncomplicated	250 mg	single dose	single dose
Inhalational anthrax (post-exposure)^**		500 mg	q12h	60 days
^Used in conjunction with metronidazole ^†Generally ciprofloxacin should be continued for at least 2 days after the signs and symptoms of infection have disappeared, except for inhalational anthrax (post-exposure). ^Drug administration should begin as soon as possible after suspected or confirmed exposure. This indication is based on a surrogate endpoint, ciprofloxacin serum concentrations achieved in humans, reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit.⁶ For a discussion of ciprofloxacin serum concentrations in various human populations, see Inhalational Anthrax – Additional Information.*

Equivalent AUC Dosing Regimens
Ciprofloxacin Oral Dosage	Equivalent Ciprofloxacin I.V. Dosage
250 mg Tablet q12h	200 mg I.V. q12h
500 mg Tablet q12h	400 mg I.V. q12h
750 mg Tablet q12h	400 mg I.V. q8h

RECOMMENDED STARTING AND MAINTENANCE DOSES FOR PATIENTS WITH IMPAIRED RENAL FUNCTION
Creatinine Clearance (mL/min)	Dose
> 50	See Usual Dosage
30 to 50	250 to 500 mg q12h
5 to 29	250 to 500 mg q18h
Patients on hemodialysis or Peritoneal dialysis	250 to 500 mg q 24 h (after dialysis)

Clinical Success and Bacteriologic Eradication at Test of Cure (5 to 9 Days Post-Therapy)
	Ciprofloxacin	Comparator
Randomized Patients	337	352
Per Protocol Patients	211	231
Clinical Response at 5 to 9 Days	95.7% (202/211)	92.6% (214/231)
Post-Treatment
	95% CI [-1.3%, 7.3%]
Bacteriologic Eradication by	84.4% (178/211)	78.3% (181/231)
Patient at 5 to 9 Days
Post-Treatment^*
	95% CI [ -1.3%, 13.1%]
Bacteriologic Eradication of the
Baseline Pathogen at 5 to 9 Days
Post-Treatment
Escherichia coli	156/178 (88%)	161/179 (90%)

DISCLAIMER:

"This tool does not provide medical advice, and is for informational and educational purposes only, and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, treatment or diagnosis. Call your doctor to receive medical advice. If you think you may have a medical emergency, please dial 911."

"Do not rely on openFDA to make decisions regarding medical care. While we make every effort to ensure that data is accurate, you should assume all results are unvalidated. We may limit or otherwise restrict your access to the API in line with our Terms of Service."

"This product uses publicly available data from the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; NLM is not responsible for the product and does not endorse or recommend this or any other product."

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Dose (mg)	Maximum Serum Concentration (mcg/mL)	Area Under Curve (AUC) (mcg•hr/mL)
250	1.2	4.8
500	2.4	11.6
750	4.3	20.2
1000	5.4	30.8

Campylobacter jejuni	Proteus mirabilis
Citrobacter koseri (diversus)	Proteus vulgaris
Citrobacter freundii	Providencia rettgeri
Enterobacter cloacae	Providencia stuartii
Escherichia coli	Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Haemophilus influenzae	Salmonella typhi
Haemophilus parainfluenzae	Serratia marcescens
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Shigella boydii
Moraxella catarrhalis	Shigella dysenteriae
Morganella morganii	Shigella flexneri
Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Shigella sonnei

Acinetobacter lwoffi	Pasteurella multocida
Aeromonas hydrophila	Salmonella enteritidis
Edwardsiella tarda	Vibrio cholerae
Enterobacter aerogenes	Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Klebsiella oxytoca	Vibrio vulnificus
Legionella pneumophila	Yersinia enterocolitica

PEDIATRIC DOSAGE GUIDELINES
Infection	Route of Administration	Dose (mg/kg)	Frequency	Total Duration
Complicated Urinary Tract or Pyelonephritis	Intravenous	6 to 10 mg/kg (maximum 400 mg per dose; not to be exceeded even in patients weighing > 51 kg)	Every 8 hours	10 to 21 days^*
(patients from 1 to 17 years of age)	Oral	10 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg (maximum 750 mg per dose; not to be exceeded even in patients weighing > 51 kg)	Every 12 hours	10 to 21 days^*
Inhalational Anthrax (Post- Exposure)^**	Intravenous	10 mg/kg (maximum 400 mg per dose)	Every 12 hours	60 days
Inhalational Anthrax (Post- Exposure)^**	Oral	15 mg/kg (maximum 500 mg per dose)	Every 12 hours	60 days

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (ciprofloxacin hydrochloride 750 mg) Dailymed

May Be DiscontinuedTry Other Labelers

Version History

Generic: ciprofloxacin hydrochloride

Boxed Warning

Boxed Warning Section

FDA Adverse Reactions

Boxed Warning Section

Description

Clinical Pharmacology

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion

Drug-Drug Interactions

Special Populations

Mechanism of Action

Mechanism of Resistance

Cross-Resistance

Susceptibility Test Methods

Indications And Usage

Adult Patients

Pediatric patients (1 to 17 years of age)

Adult and Pediatric Patients

Contraindications

Warnings

Tendinopathy and Tendon Rupture

Exacerbation of Myasthenia Gravis

Pregnant Women

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Other Serious and Sometimes Fatal Reactions

Hepatobiliary System

Theophylline

Central Nervous System Effects

-Associated Diarrhea

Peripheral Neuropathy

Musculoskeletal Disorders in Pediatric Patients and Arthropathic Effects in Animals

Prolongation of the QT Interval

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) Drug Interactions

Syphilis

Precautions

General

Central Nervous System

Renal Impairment

Photosensitivity/Phototoxicity

Information for Patients

Drug Interactions

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Pregnancy

Nursing Mothers

Pediatric Use

Geriatric Use

Adverse Reactions

Adverse Reactions in Adult Patients

Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients

Postmarketing Adverse Event Reports

Adverse Laboratory Changes

Overdosage

Dosage And Administration

Conversion of I.V. to Oral Dosing in Adults

Adults With Impaired Renal Function

Pediatrics

How Supplied

Animal Pharmacology

Clinical Studies

Complicated Urinary Tract Infection and Pyelonephritis Efficacy in Pediatric Patients

Inhalational Anthrax in Adults and Pediatrics

References

Medication Guide

CIPROFLOXACIN (SIP-roe-FLOX-a-sin) TABLETS USP

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May Be Discontinued
Try Other Labelers