MEROPENEM Dailymed
Generic: meropenem is used for the treatment of Appendicitis Bacteroides Infections Escherichia coli Infections Fever Hypersensitivity Klebsiella Infections Meningitis, Haemophilus Meningitis, Meningococcal Meningitis, Pneumococcal Neutropenia Peritonitis Pseudomonas Infections Respiratory Tract Infections Urinary Tract Infections Soft Tissue Infections
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Recent Major Changes Section
Indications and Usage, Intra-Abdominal Infections, Pediatric Patients (less than 3 months of age) (1.2 ) 12/2014
Dosage and Administration, Use in Pediatric Patients (less than 3 months of age) (2.3 ) 12/2014
1 Indications And Usage
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Meropenem for Injection and other antibacterial drugs, Meropenem for Injection should only be used to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Meropenem for Injection is useful as presumptive therapy in the indicated condition (e.g. intra-abdominal infections) prior to the identification of the causative organisms because of its broad spectrum of bactericidal activity.
For information regarding use in pediatric patients see Indications and Usage (1.1), (1.2) or (1.3) ; Dosage and Administration (2.3) , Adverse Reactions (6.1) , and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) .
Meropenem for Injection is a penem antibacterial indicated as single agent therapy for the treatment of:
- Complicated skin and skin structure infections (adult patients and pediatric patients 3 months of age and older only). (
1.1 )- Complicated intra-abdominal infections (adult and pediatric patients). (
1.2 )- Bacterial meningitis (pediatric patients 3 months of age and older only). (
1.3 )
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Meropenem for Injection and other antibacterial drugs, Meropenem for Injection should only be used to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria.
1.1 Skin and Skin Structure Infections (Adult Patients and Pediatric Patients 3 Months of age and older only)
Meropenem for Injection is indicated as a single agent therapy for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections due to Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only), Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, viridans group streptococci, Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin- susceptible isolates only), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Peptostreptococcus species.
1.2 Intra-abdominal Infections (Adult and Pediatric Patients)
Meropenem for Injection is indicated as a single agent therapy for the treatment of complicated appendicitis and peritonitis caused by viridans group streptococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, and Peptostreptococcus species.
1.3 Bacterial Meningitis (Pediatric Patients 3 Months of age and older only)
Meropenem for Injection is indicated as a single agent therapy for the treatment of bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniaeThe efficacy of meropenem as monotherapy in the treatment of meningitis caused by penicillin nonsusceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae has not been established. , Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis.
Meropenem for Injection has been found to be effective in eliminating concurrent bacteremia in association with bacterial meningitis.
2 Dosage And Administration
- 500 mg every 8 hours by intravenous infusion over 15 to 30 minutes for skin and skin structure infections for adult patients. When treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a dose of 1 gram every 8 hours is recommended. (
2.1 )- 1 gram every 8 hours by intravenous infusion over 15 minutes to 30 minutes for intra-abdominal infections for adult patients. (
2.1 )- 1 gram every 8 hours by intravenous bolus injection (5 mL to 20 mL) over 3 minutes to 5 minutes for adult patients. (
2.1 )- Dosage should be reduced in adult patients with renal impairment. (
2.2 )
Recommended Meropenem for Injection Dosage Schedule for Adult Patients with Renal Impairment Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) Dose (dependent on type of infection) Dosing Interval Greater than 50 Recommended dose (500 mg cSSSI and 1 gram Intra-abdominal) Every 8 hours 26-50 Recommended dose Every 12 hours 10-25 One-half recommended dose Every 12 hours Less than10 One-half recommended dose Every 24 hours
Pediatric patients 3 months of age and older
Recommended Meropenem for Injection Dosage Schedule for Pediatric Patients 3 Months of Age and Older with Normal Renal Function ( 2.3 )Type of Infection Dose (mg/kg) Up to a Maximum Dosing Interval - Intravenous infusion is to be given over approximately 15 minutes to 30 minutes. -Intravenous bolus injection (5 mL to 20 mL) is to be given over approximately 3 minutes-5 minutes. -There is no experience in pediatric patients with renal impairment. Complicated skin and skin structure 20 mg/kg (or 1 gram for pediatric patients weighing over 50 kg) every 8 hours is recommended when treating complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by P. aeruginosa ( 2.3).    10 500 mg Every 8 hours Intra-abdominal    20 1 gram Every 8 hours Meningitis    40 2 gram Every 8 hours
Pediatric patients less than 3 months of age
Recommended Meropenem for Injection Dosage Schedule for Pediatric Patients Less than 3 Months of Age with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections and Normal Renal Function ( 2.3 )Age Group Dose (mg/kg) Dose Interval - Intravenous infusion is to be given over 30 minutes. - There is no experience in pediatric patients with renal impairment. GA: gestational age and PNA: postnatal Infants less than 32 weeks GA and PNA less than 2 weeks 20 Every 12 hours Infants less than 32 weeks GA and PNA 2 weeks and older 20 Every 8 hours Infants 32 weeks and older GA and PNA less than 2 weeks 20 Every 8 hours Infants 32 weeks and older GA and PNA 2 weeks and older 30 Every 8 hours 2.1 Adult Patients
The recommended dose of Meropenem for Injection is 500 mg given every 8 hours for skin and skin structure infections and 1 gram given every 8 hours for intra-abdominal infections. When treating complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by P.aeruginosa, a dose of 1 gram every 8 hours is recommended.
Meropenem for Injection should be administered by intravenous infusion over approximately 15 minutes to 30 minutes. Doses of 1 gram may also be administered as an intravenous bolus injection (5 mL to 20 mL) over approximately 3 minutes-5 minutes.
2.2 Use in Adult Patients with Renal Impairment
Dosage should be reduced in patients with creatinine clearance of 50 mL/min or less. (See dosing table below.)
When only serum creatinine is available, the following formula (Cockcroft and Gault equation) 5 may be used to estimate creatinine clearance.
Males: Creatinine Clearance (mL/min) =
Weight (kg) × (140 - age) 72 × serum creatinine (mg/dL)
Females: 0.85 × above value
Recommended Meropenem for Injection Dosage Schedule for Adult Patients with Renal Impairment Creatinine Clearance(mL/min) Dose (dependent on type of infection) Dosing Interval Greater than 50 Recommended dose (500 mg cSSSI and 1gram Intra-abdominal) Every 8 hours Greater than 25-50 Recommended dose Every 12 hours 10-25 One-half recommended dose Every 12 hours Less than 10 One-half recommended dose Every 24 hours
There is inadequate information regarding the use of Meropenem for Injection in patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
2.3 Use in Pediatric Patients
Pediatric Patients 3 Months of Age and Older
For pediatric patients 3 months of age and older, the Meropenem for Injection dose is 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg every 8 hours (maximum dose is 2 grams every 8 hours), depending on the type of infection (complicated skin and skin structure, intra-abdominal or meningitis). (See below.) Pediatric patients weighing over 50 kg should be administered Meropenem for Injection at a dose of 500 mg every 8 hours for complicated skin and skin structure infections, 1 gram every 8 hours for intra-abdominal infections and 2 grams every 8 hours for meningitis. Meropenem for Injection should be given as intravenous infusion over approximately 15 minutes to 30 minutes or as an intravenous bolus injection (5 mL to 20 mL) over approximately 3 minutes-5 minutes. For pediatric patients 3 months of age and older, the Meropenem for Injection dose is 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg every 8 hours (maximum dose is 2 grams every 8 hours), depending on the type of infection (complicated skin and skin structure, intra-abdominal or meningitis). (See dosing table below.) Pediatric patients weighing over 50 kg should be administered Meropenem for Injection at a dose of 500 mg every 8 hours for complicated skin and skin structure infections, 1 gram every 8 hours for intra-abdominal infections and 2 grams every 8 hours for meningitis. Meropenem for Injection should be given as intravenous infusion over approximately 15 minutes to 30 minutes or as an intravenous bolus injection (5 mL to 20 mL) over approximately 3 minutes-5 minutes.
There is limited safety data available to support the administration of a 40 mg/kg (up to a maximum of 2 grams) bolus dose.There is limited safety data available to support the administration of a 40 mg/kg (up to a maximum of 2 grams) bolus dose.
Recommended Meropenem for Injection Dosage Schedule for Pediatric Patients 3 Months of Age and Older with Normal Renal Function Type of Infection Dose (mg/kg) Up to a Maximum Dose Dosing Interval There is no experience in pediatric patients with renal impairment. When treating complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by P. aeruginosa, a dose of 20 mg/kg (or 1 gram for pediatric patients weighing over 50 kg) every 8 hours is recommended. Complicated skin and skin structure 10 500 mg Every 8 hours Intra-abdominal 20 1 gram Every 8 hours Meningitis 40 2 grams Every 8 hours
Pediatric Patients Less Than 3 Months of Age
For pediatric patients (with normal renal function) less than 3 months of age, with intra-abdominal infections, the Meropenem for Injection dose is based on gestational age (GA) and postnatal age (PNA). (See dosing table below). Meropenem for Injection should be given as intravenous infusion over 30 minutes.
Recommended Meropenem for Injection Dosage Schedule for Pediatric Patients Less than 3 Months of Age with Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections and Normal Renal Function Age Group Dose (mg/kg) Dose Interval There is no experience in pediatric patients with renal impairment. Infants less than 32 weeks GA and PNA less than 2 weeks 20 Every 12 hours Infants less than 32 weeks GA and PNA 2 weeks and older 20 Every 8 hours Infants 32 weeks and older GA and PNA less than 2 weeks 20 Every 8 hours Infants 32 weeks and older GA and PNA 2 weeks and older 30 Every 8 hours 2.4 Preparation of Solution
For Intravenous Bolus Administration
Constitute injection vials (500 mg and 1 gram) with sterile Water for Injection (see table below). Shake to dissolve and let stand until clear.
Vial Size Amount ofDiluent Added(mL) ApproximateWithdrawable Volume (mL) ApproximateAverage Concentration (mg/mL) 500 mg 10 10 50 1 gram 20 20 50
For Infusion
Infusion vials (500 mg and 1 gram) may be directly constituted with a compatible infusion fluid. Alternatively, an injection vial may be constituted, then the resulting solution added to an intravenous container and further diluted with an appropriate infusion fluid [see Dosage and Administration (2.5) and (2.6) ].
WARNING: Do not use flexible container in series connections.
2.5 Compatibility
Compatibility of Meropenem for Injection with other drugs has not been established. Meropenem for Injection should not be mixed with or physically added to solutions containing other drugs.
2.6 Stability and Storage
Freshly prepared solutions of Meropenem for Injection should be used. However, constituted solutions of Meropenem for Injection maintain satisfactory potency under the conditions described below. Solutions of intravenous Meropenem for Injection should not be frozen.
Intravenous Bolus Administration
Meropenem for Injection vials constituted with sterile Water for Injection for bolus administration (up to 50 mg/mL of Meropenem for Injection) may be stored for up to 3 hours at up to 25°C (77°F) or for 13 hours at up to 5°C (41°F).
Intravenous Infusion Administration
Solutions prepared for infusion (Meropenem for Injection concentrations ranging from 1 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL) constituted with Sodium Chloride Injection 0.9% may be stored for 1 hour at up to 25°C (77°F) or 15 hours at up to 5°C (41°F).
Solutions prepared for infusion (Meropenem for Injection concentrations ranging from 1 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL) constituted with Dextrose Injection 5% should be used immediately.
NOTE: Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
3 Dosage Forms And Strengths
Single use clear glass vials containing 500 mg or 1 gram (as the trihydrate blend with anhydrous sodium carbonate for constitution) of sterile meropenem powder.
500 mg Injection Vial (3 )1 gram Injection Vial (3 )
4 Contraindications
Meropenem for Injection is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to any component of this product or to other drugs in the same class or in patients who have demonstrated anaphylactic reactions to β-lactams.
- Known hypersensitivity to product components or anaphylactic reactions to β-lactams. (
4 )
5 Warnings And Precautions
- Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions have been reported in patients receiving β-lactams. (
5.1 )- Seizures and other adverse CNS experiences have been reported during treatment. (
5.2 )- Co-administration of Meropenem for Injection with valproic acid or divalproex sodium reduces the serum concentration of valproic acid potentially increasing the risk of breakthrough seizures. (
5.3 ,7.2 )- Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (ranging from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis) has been reported. Evaluate if diarrhea occurs. (
5.4 )- In patients with renal dysfunction, thrombocytopenia has been observed. (
5.8 )5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions
Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions have been reported in patients receiving therapy with β-lactams. These reactions are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of sensitivity to multiple allergens.
There have been reports of individuals with a history of penicillin hypersensitivity who have experienced severe hypersensitivity reactions when treated with another β-lactam. Before initiating therapy with Meropenem for Injection, it is important to inquire aboutprevious hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins, cephalosporins, other β-lactams, and other allergens. If an allergic reaction to Meropenem for Injection occurs, discontinue the drug immediately. Serious anaphylactic reactions require immediate emergency treatment with epinephrine, oxygen, intravenous steroids, and airway management, including intubation. Other therapy may also be administered as indicated.
5.2 Seizure Potential
Seizures and other adverse CNS experiences have been reported during treatment with Meropenem for Injection These experiences have occurred most commonly in patients with CNS disorders (e.g., brain lesions or history of seizures) or with bacterial meningitis and/or compromised renal function [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) and Drug Interactions (7.2) ].
During clinical investigations, 2904 immunocompetent adult patients were treated for non-CNS infections with the overall seizure rate being 0.7% (based on 20 patients with this adverse event). All meropenem- treated patients with seizures had pre-existing contributing factors. Among these are included prior history of seizures or CNS abnormality and concomitant medications with seizure potential. Dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with advanced age and/or reduced renal function [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ].
Close adherence to the recommended dosage regimens is urged, especially in patients with known factors that predispose to convulsive activity. Continue anti-convulsant therapy in patients with known seizure disorders. If focal tremors, myoclonus, or seizures occur, evaluate neurologically, placed on anti-convulsant therapy if not already instituted, and the dosage of Meropenem for Injection re-examined to determine whether it should be decreased or the antibacterial drug discontinued.
5.3 Interaction with Valproic Acid
Case reports in the literature have shown that co-administration of carbapenems, including meropenem, to patients receiving valproic acid or divalproex sodium results in a reduction in valproic acid concentrations. The valproic acid concentrations may drop below the therapeutic range as a result of this interaction, therefore increasing the risk of breakthrough seizures. Increasing the dose of valproic acid or divalproex sodium may not be sufficient to overcome this interaction. The concomitant use of meropenem and valproic acid or divalproex sodium is generally not recommended. Antibacterials other than carbapenems should be considered to treat infections in patients whose seizures are well controlled on valproic acid or divalproex sodium. If administration of Meropenem for Injection is necessary, supplemental anti- convulsant therapy should be considered [see Drug Interactions (7.2) ].
5.4 associated Diarrhea
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Meropenem for Injection, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing isolates of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial drug use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial drug use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial drug treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
5.5 Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Prescribing Meropenem for Injection in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
5.6 Overgrowth of Nonsusceptible Organisms
As with other broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs, prolonged use of meropenem may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms. Repeated evaluation of the patient is essential. If superinfection does occur during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
5.7 Laboratory Tests
While Meropenem for Injection possesses the characteristic low toxicity of the beta-lactam group of antibacterial drugs, periodic assessment of organ system functions, including renal, hepatic, and hematopoietic, is advisable during prolonged therapy.
5.8 Patients with Renal Impairment
In patients with renal impairment, thrombocytopenia has been observed but no clinical bleeding reported [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Adverse Reactions (6.1) , Use In Specific Populations (8.5) and (8.6) , and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].
5.9 Dialysis
There is inadequate information regarding the use of Meropenem for Injection in patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
5.10 Potential for Neuromotor Impairment
Patients receiving Meropenem for Injection on an outpatient basis may develop adverse events such as seizures, headaches and/or paresthesias that could interfere with mental alertness and/or cause motor impairment. Until it is reasonably well established that Meropenem for Injection is well tolerated, patients should not operate machinery or motorized vehicles [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ].
6 Adverse Reactions
The following are discussed in greater detail in other sections of labeling:
- Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]
- Seizure Potential [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]
- Interaction with Valproic Acid [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]
- Clostridium difficile – associated Diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ]
- Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ]
- Overgrowth of Nonsusceptible Organisms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6) ]
- Laboratory Tests [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ]
- Patients with Renal Impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ]
- Dialysis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9) ]
- Potential for Neuromotor Impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) ]
Most common adverse reactions (2% or less) are: headache, nausea, constipation, diarrhea, anemia, vomiting, and rash (6.1 )
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Savior Lifetec Corporation at 886-6-505-1200 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch for voluntary reporting of adverse reactions.
6.1 Adverse Reactions from Clinical Trials
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reactions rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Adult Patients:
During clinical investigations, 2904 immunocompetent adult patients were treated for non-CNS infections with Meropenem for Injection (500 mg or 1 gram every 8 hours). Deaths in 5 patients were assessed as possibly related to meropenem; 36 (1.2%) patients had meropenem discontinued because of adverse events. Many patients in these trials were severely ill and had multiple background diseases, physiological impairments and were receiving multiple other drug therapies. In the seriously ill patient population, it was not possible to determine the relationship between observed adverse events and therapy with Meropenem for Injection
The following adverse reaction frequencies were derived from the clinical trials in the 2904 patients treated with Meropenem for Injection
Local Adverse Reactions
Local adverse reactions that were reported irrespective of the relationship to therapy with Meropenem for Injection were as follows:
Inflammation at the injection site 2.4% Injection site reaction 0.9% Phlebitis/thrombophlebitis 0.8% Pain at the injection site 0.4% Edema at the injection site 0.2%
Systemic Adverse Reactions
Systemic adverse reactions that were reported irrespective of the relationship to Meropenem for Injection occurring in greater than 1.0% of the patients were diarrhea (4.8%), nausea/vomiting (3.6%), headache (2.3%), rash (1.9%), sepsis (1.6%), constipation (1.4%), apnea (1.3%), shock (1.2%), and pruritus (1.2%).
Additional systemic adverse reactions that were reported irrespective of relationship to therapy with Meropenem for Injection and occurring in less than or equal to 1.0% but greater than 0.1% of the patients are uled below within each body system in order of decreasing frequency:
Bleeding events were seen as follows: gastrointestinal hemorrhage (0.5%), melena (0.3%), epistaxis (0.2%), hemoperitoneum (0.2%), summing to 1.2%.
Body as a Whole: pain, abdominal pain, chest pain, fever, back pain, abdominal enlargement, chills, pelvic pain
Cardiovascular: heart failure, heart arrest, tachycardia, hypertension, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolus, bradycardia, hypotension, syncope
Digestive System: oral moniliasis, anorexia, cholestatic jaundice/jaundice, flatulence, ileus, hepatic failure, dyspepsia, intestinal obstruction
Hemic/Lymphatic: anemia, hypochromic anemia, hypervolemia
Metabolic/Nutritional: peripheral edema, hypoxia
Nervous System: insomnia, agitation/delirium, confusion, dizziness, seizure, nervousness, paresthesia, hallucinations, somnolence, anxiety, depression, asthenia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and (5.10) ]
Respiratory: respiratory disorder, dyspnea, pleural effusion, asthma, cough increased, lung edema
Skin and Appendages: urticaria, sweating, skin ulcer
Urogenital System: dysuria, kidney failure, vaginal moniliasis, urinary incontinence
Adverse Laboratory Changes
Adverse laboratory changes that were reported irrespective of relationship to Meropenem for Injection and occurring in greater than 0.2% of the patients were as follows:
Hepatic: increased SGPT (ALT), SGOT (AST), alkaline phosphatase, LDH, and bilirubin
Hematologic: increased platelets, increased eosinophils, decreased platelets, decreased hemoglobin, decreased hematocrit, decreased WBC, shortened prothrombin time and shortened partial thromboplastin time, leukocytosis, hypokalemia
Renal: increased creatinine and increased BUN
NOTE: For patients with varying degrees of renal impairment, the incidence of heart failure, kidney failure, seizure and shock reported irrespective of relationship to Meropenem for Injection, increased in patients with moderately severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance greater than10 to 26 mL/min) [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Warnings and Precautions (5.8) , Use in Specific Populations (8.5) and (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].
Urinalysis: presence of red blood cells
Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections
In a study of complicated skin and skin structure infections, the adverse reactions were similar to those uled above. The most common adverse events occurring in greater than5% of the patients were: headache (7.8%), nausea (7.8%), constipation (7.0%), diarrhea (7.0%), anemia (5.5%), and pain (5.1%). Adverse events with an incidence of greater than1%, and not uled above, include: pharyngitis, accidental injury, gastrointestinal disorder, hypoglycemia, peripheral vascular disorder, and pneumonia.
Pediatric Patients:
Clinical Adverse Reactions
Meropenem for Injection was studied in 515 pediatric patients (3 months to less than 13 years of age) with serious bacterial infections (excluding meningitis, see next section) at dosages of 10 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg every 8 hours. The types of clinical adverse events seen in these patients are similar to the adults, with the most common adverse events reported as possibly, probably, or definitely related to Meropenem for Injection and their rates of occurrence as follows:
Diarrhea 3.5% Rash 1.6% Nausea and Vomiting 0.8%
Meropenem for Injection was studied in 321 pediatric patients (3 months to less than 17 years of age) with meningitis at a dosage of 40 mg/kg every 8 hours. The types of clinical adverse events seen in these patients are similar to the adults, with the most common adverse events reported as possibly, probably, or definitely related to Meropenem for Injection and their rates of occurrence as follows:
Diarrhea 4.7% Rash (mostly diaper area moniliasis) 3.1% Oral Moniliasis 1.9% Glossitis 1.0%
In the meningitis studies, the rates of seizure activity during therapy were comparable between patients with no CNS abnormalities who received meropenem and those who received comparator agents (either cefotaxime or ceftriaxone). In the Meropenem for Injection treated group, 12/15 patients with seizures had late onset seizures (defined as occurring on day 3 or later) versus 7/20 in the comparator arm.
Meropenem for Injection was studied in 200 neonates and infants less than 3 months of age. The study was open-label, uncontrolled, 98% of the infants received concomitant medications, and the majority of adverse reactions were reported in neonates less than 32 weeks gestational age and critically ill at baseline, making it difficult to assess the relationship of the adverse reactions to Meropenem for Injection
The clinical adverse reactions seen in these patients that were reported (regardless of investigator assessment of causality) and their rates of occurrence are as follows:
Convulsion 5.0% Hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated) 4.5% Vomiting 2.5%
Adverse Laboratory Changes
Laboratory changes seen in the pediatric studies, including the meningitis studies, were similar to those reported in the adult studies.
6.2 Post-Marketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Meropenem for Injection. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Worldwide post-marketing adverse reactions not otherwise uled in the Adverse Reactions section of this product label and reported as possibly, probably, or definitely drug related are uled within each body system in order of decreasing severity. Hematologic - agranulocytosis, neutropenia, and leukopenia; a positive direct or indirect Coombs test, and hemolytic anemia. Skin-toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens- Johnson Syndrome, angioedema, and erythema multiforme.
7 Drug Interactions
- Co-administration of Meropenem for Injection with probenecid inhibits renal excretion of meropenem. (
7.1 )- Co-administration of Meropenem for Injection with valproic acid or divalproex sodium reduces the serum concentration of valproic acid potentially increasing the risk of breakthrough seizures. (
5.3 ,7.2 )7.1 Probenecid
Probenecid competes with meropenem for active tubular secretion, resulting in increased plasma concentrations of meropenem. Co-administration of probenecid with meropenem is not recommended.
7.2 Valproic Acid
Case reports in the literature have shown that co-administration of carbapenems, including meropenem, to patients receiving valproic acid or divalproex sodium results in a reduction in valproic acid concentrations. The valproic acid concentrations may drop below the therapeutic range as a result of this interaction, therefore increasing the risk of breakthrough seizures. Although the mechanism of this interaction is unknown, data from in vitro and animal studies suggest that carbapenems may inhibit the hydrolysis of valproic acid's glucuronide metabolite (VPA-g) back to valproic acid, thus decreasing the serum concentrations of valproic acid. If administration of Meropenem for Injection is necessary, then supplemental anti-convulsant therapy should be considered [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ].
8 Use In Specific Populations
- Renal Impairment: Dose adjustment is necessary, if creatinine clearance is 50 mL/min or less. (
2.2 ,8.6 )8.1 Pregnancy
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS SECTION
Pregnancy Category B. Reproductive studies have been performed with meropenem in rats at doses of up to 1000 mg/kg/day, and cynomolgus monkeys at doses of up to 360 mg/kg/day (on the basis of AUC comparisons, approximately 1.8 times and 3.7 times, respectively, to the human exposure at the usual dose of 1 gram every 8 hours). These studies revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to meropenem, although there were slight changes in fetal body weight at doses of 250 mg/kg/day (on the basis of AUC comparisons, 0.4 times the human exposure at a dose of 1 gram every 8 hours) and above in rats. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
8.3 Nursing Mothers
Meropenem has been reported to be excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Meropenem for Injection is administered to a nursing woman.
8.4 Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of Meropenem for Injection have been established for pediatric patients 3 months of age and older with complicated skin and skin structure infections and bacterial meningitis, and for pediatric patients of all ages with complicated intra-abdominal infections.
Skin and Skin Structure Infections
Use of Meropenem for Injection in pediatric patients 3 months of age and older with complicated skin and skin structure infections is supported by evidence from an adequate and well-controlled study in adults and additional data from pediatric pharmacokinetics studies [see Indications and Usage (1.3) , Dosage and Administration (2.3) , Adverse Reactions (6.1) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) and Clinical Studies (14.1) ].
Intra-abdominal Infections
Use of Meropenem for Injection in pediatric patients 3 months of age and older with intra-abdominal infections is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies in adults with additional data from pediatric pharmacokinetics studies and controlled clinical trials in pediatric patients. Use of Meropenem for Injection in pediatric patients less than 3 months of age with intra-abdominal infections is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies in adults with additional data from a pediatric pharmacokinetic and safety study [see Indications and Usage (1.2), Dosage and Administration (2.3), Adverse Reactions (6.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) and Clinical Studies (14.2)].
Bacterial Meningitis
Use of Meropenem for Injection in pediatric patients 3 months of age and older with bacterial meningitis is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies in the pediatric population [see Indications and Usage (1.3), Dosage and Administration (2.3), Adverse Reactions (6.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) and Clinical Studies (14.3)].
8.5 Geriatric Use
Of the total number of subjects in clinical studies of Meropenem for Injection, approximately 1100 (30%) were 65 years of age and older, while 400 (11%) were 75 years and older. Additionally, in a study of 511 patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections, 93 (18%) were 65 years of age and older, while 38 (7%) were 75 years and older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects; spontaneous reports and other reported clinical experience have not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
Meropenem is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with renal impairment. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
A pharmacokinetic study with Meropenem for Injection in elderly patients has shown a reduction in the plasma clearance of meropenem that correlates with age-associated reduction in creatinine clearance [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].
8.6 Patients with Renal Impairment
Dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with creatinine clearance 50 mL/min or less [ see Dosage and Administration (2.2) , Warnings and Precautions (5.8) , and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].
10 Overdosage
In mice and rats, large intravenous doses of meropenem (2200 mg/kg -4000 mg/kg) have been associated with ataxia, dyspnea, convulsions, and mortalities.
Intentional overdosing of Meropenem for Injection is unlikely, although accidental overdosing might occur if large doses are given to patients with reduced renal function. The largest dose of meropenem administered in clinical trials has been 2 grams given intravenously every 8 hours. At this dosage, no adverse pharmacological effects or increased safety risks have been observed.
Limited post-marketing experience indicates that if adverse events occur following overdosage, they are consistent with the adverse event profile described in the Adverse Reactions section and are generally mild in severity and resolve on withdrawal or dose reduction. Consider symptomatic treatments. In individuals with normal renal function, rapid renal elimination takes place. Meropenem and its metabolite are readily dialyzable and effectively removed by hemodialysis; however, no information is available on the use of hemodialysis to treat overdosage.
11 Description
Meropenem for Injection is a sterile, pyrogen-free, synthetic, broad-spectrum, carbapenem antibacterial for intravenous administration. It is (4R,5S,6S)-3- [[(3S,5S)-5-(Dimethylcarbamoyl)-3-pyrrolidinyl]thio]-6- [(1R)-1- hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid trihydrate. Its empirical formula is C17H25N3O5S∙3H2O with a molecular weight of 437.52. Its structural formula is:
Meropenem for Injection is a white to pale yellow crystalline powder. The solution varies from colorless to yellow depending on the concentration. The pH of freshly constituted solutions is between 7.3 and 8.3. Meropenem is soluble in 5% monobasic potassium phosphate solution, sparingly soluble in water, very slightly soluble in hydrated ethanol, and practically insoluble in acetone or ether.
When constituted as instructed, each 1 gram Meropenem for Injection vial will deliver 1 gram of meropenem and 90.2 mg of sodium as sodium carbonate (3.92 mEq). Each 500 mg Meropenem for Injection vial will deliver 500 mg meropenem and 45.1 mg of sodium as sodium carbonate (1.96 mEq) [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) ].
12 Clinical Pharmacology
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Meropenem is an antibacterial drug [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.4) ].
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Plasma Concentrations
At the end of a 30-minute intravenous infusion of a single dose of Meropenem for Injection in healthy volunteers, mean peak plasma concentrations of meropenem are approximately 23 mcg/mL (range 14-26) for the 500 mg dose and 49 mcg/mL (range 39-58) for the 1 gram dose. A 5-minute intravenous bolus injection of Meropenem for Injection in healthy volunteers results in mean peak plasma concentrations of approximately 45 mcg/mL (range 18-65) for the 500 mg dose and 112 mcg/mL (range 83-140) for the 1 gram dose.
Following intravenous doses of 500 mg, mean plasma concentrations of meropenem usually decline to approximately 1 mcg/mL at 6 hours after administration.
No accumulation of meropenem in plasma was observed with regimens using 500 mg administered every 8 hours or 1 gram administered every 6 hours in healthy volunteers with normal renal function.
Distribution
The plasma protein binding of meropenem is approximately 2%.
Meropenem penetrates well into most body fluids and tissues including cerebrospinal fluid, achieving concentrations matching or exceeding those required to inhibit most susceptible bacteria. After a single intravenous dose of Meropenem for Injection, the highest mean concentrations of meropenem were found in tissues and fluids at 1 hour (0.5 hours to 1.5 hours) after the start of infusion, except where indicated in the tissues and fluids uled in the table below.
Table 1 Meropenem Concentrations in Selected Tissues (Highest Concentrations Reported) Tissue Intravenous. Dose(gram) Number of Samples Mean [µg/mL or mcg/(gram)] at 1 hour unless otherwise noted Range [µg/mL or mcg/(gram)] Endometrium 0.5 7 4.2 1.7–10.2 Myometrium 0.5 15 3.8 0.4–8.1 Ovary 0.5 8 2.8 0.8–4.8 Cervix 0.5 2 7 5.4–8.5 Fallopian tube 0.5 9 1.7 0.3-3.4 Skin 0.5 22 3.3 0.5–12.6 Interstitial fluid obtained from buler fluid 0.5 9 5.5 3.2-8.6 Skin 1 10 5.3 1.3–16.7 Interstitial fluid 1 5 26.3 20.9–37.4 Colon 1 2 2.6 2.5–2.7 Bile 1 7 14.6 (3 hours) 4–25.7 Gall bladder 1 1 — 3.9 Peritoneal fluid 1 9 30.2 7.4–54.6 Lung 1 2 4.8 (2 hours) 1.4–8.2 Bronchial mucosa 1 7 4.5 1.3–11.1 Muscle 1 2 6.1 (2 hours) 5.3–6.9 Fascia 1 9 8.8 1.5–20 Heart valves 1 7 9.7 6.4–12.1 Myocardium 1 10 15.5 5.2–25.5 CSF (inflamed) 20 mg/kg in pediatric patients of age 5 months to 8 years 40 mg/kgin pediatric patients of age 1 month to 15 years 85 1.1 (2 hours)3.3 (3 hours) 0.2-2.80.9-6.5 CSF (uninflamed) 1 4 0.2 (2 hours) 0.1–0.3
Metabolism
There is one metabolite of meropenem that is microbiologically inactive.
Excretion
In subjects with normal renal function, the elimination half-life of meropenem is approximately 1 hour.
Meropenem is primarily excreted unchanged by the kidneys. Approximately 70% (50% – 75%) of the dose is excreted unchanged within 12 hours. A further 28% is recovered as the microbiologically inactive metabolite. Fecal elimination represents only approximately 2% of the dose. The measured renal clearance and the effect of probenecid show that meropenem undergoes both filtration and tubular secretion.
Urinary concentrations of meropenem in excess of 10 mcg/mL are maintained for up to 5 hours after a 500 mg dose.
Specific Populations
Renal Impairment
Pharmacokinetic studies with Meropenem for Injection in patients with renal impairment have shown that the plasma clearance of meropenem correlates with creatinine clearance. Dosage adjustments are necessary in subjects with renal impairment (creatinine clearance 50 mL/min or less) [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Use In Specific Populations (8.6) ].
Meropenem I.V. is hemodialyzable. However, there is no information on the usefulness of hemodialysis to treat overdosage [see Overdosage (10) ].
Hepatic Impairment
A pharmacokinetic study with Meropenem for Injection in patients with hepatic impairment has shown no effects of liver disease on the pharmacokinetics of meropenem.
Geriatric Patients
A pharmacokinetic study with Meropenem for Injection in elderly patients with renal impairment showed a reduction in plasma clearance of meropenem that correlates with age-associated reduction in creatinine clearance.
Pediatric Patients
The pharmacokinetics of Meropenem for Injection, in pediatric patients 2 years of age or older, are similar to those in adults. The elimination half-life for meropenem was approximately 1.5 hours in pediatric patients of age 3 months to 2 years.
The pharmacokinetics of meropenem in patients less than 3 months of age receiving combination antibacterial drug therapy are given below.
Table 2 Meropenem Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Patients Less Than 3 Months of Age Values are derived from a population pharmacokinetic analysis of sparse data GA less than 32 weeks PNA less than 2 weeks (20mg/kg every 12 hours) GA less than 32 weeks PNA 2 weeks or older (20mg/kg every 8 hours) GA 32 weeks or older PNA less than 2 weeks (20mg/kg every 8 hours) GA 32 weeks or older PNA 2 weeks or older (30mg/kg every 8 hours) Overall CL (L/h/kg) 0.089 0.122 0.135 0.202 0.119 V (L/kg) 0.489 0.467 0.463 0.451 0.468 AUC0-24 (mcg-h/mL) 448 491 445 444 467 Cmax (mcg/mL) 44.3 46.5 44.9 61 46.9 Cmin (mcg/mL) 5.36 6.65 4.84 2.1 5.65 T1/2 (h) 3.82 2.68 2.33 1.58 2.68
Drug Interactions
Probenecid competes with meropenem for active tubular secretion and thus inhibits the renal excretion of meropenem. Following administration of probenecid with meropenem, the mean systemic exposure increased 56% and the mean elimination half-life increased 38%. Co-administration of probenecid with meropenem is not recommended.
12.4 Microbiology
MECHANISM OF ACTION SECTION
Mechanism of Action
The bactericidal activity of meropenem results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Meropenem readily penetrates the cell wall of most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to reach penicillin-binding-protein (PBP) targets. Its strongest affinities are toward PBPs 2, 3 and 4 of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and PBPs 1, 2 and 4 of Staphylococcus aureus. Bactericidal concentrations (defined as a 3 log10 reduction in cell counts within 12 hours to 24 hours) are typically 1-2 times the bacteriostatic concentrations of meropenem, with the exception of Listeria monocytogenes, against which lethal activity is not observed.
Meropenem has significant stability to hydrolysis by β-lactamases, both penicillinases and cephalosporinases produced by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Meropenem should not be used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE).
Mechanism of Resistance
There are several mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems: 1) decreased permeability of the outer membrane of Gram- negative bacteria (due to diminished production of porins) causing reduced bacterial uptake, 2) reduced affinity of the target PBPs, 3) increased expression of efflux pump components, and 4) production of antibacterial drug-destroying enzymes (carbapenemases, metallo-β-lactamases). Localized clusters of infections due to carbapenem-resistant bacteria have been reported in some regions.
Cross-Resistance
Cross-resistance is sometimes observed with isolates resistant to other carbapenems.
Interactions with Other Antibacterial Drugs
In vitro tests show meropenem to act synergistically with aminoglycoside antibacterials against some isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Spectrum of Activity
Meropenem has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section (1).
Gram-positive bacteria
Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-susceptible isolates only) Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only) Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible isolates only) Streptococcus pyogenes Viridans group streptococci
Gram-negative bacteria
Escherichia coliHaemophilus influenzaeKlebsiella pneumoniaeNeisseria meningitidisPseudomonas aeruginosaProteus mirabilis
Anaerobic bacteria
Bacteroides fragilisBacteroides thetaiotaomicronPeptostreptococcus species
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90% of the following bacteria have exhibited in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoints for meropenem. However, the safety and effectiveness of meropenem in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria have not been established in adequate and well-controlled trials.
Gram-positive bacteria
Staphylococcus epidermidis (methicillin-susceptible isolates only)
Gram-negative bacteria
Aeromonas hydrophilaCampylobacter jejuniCitrobacter koseri (formerly diversus) Citrobacter freundiiEnterobacter cloacaeHafnia alveiKlebsiella oxytocaMoraxella catarrhalisMorganella morganiiPasteurella multocidaProteus vulgarisSerratia marcescens
Anaerobic bacteria
Bacteroides distasonisBacteroides ovatusBacteroides uniformisBacteroides ureolyticusBacteroides vulgatusClostridium difficileClostridium perfringensEubacterium lentumFusobacterium speciesPrevotella biviaPrevotella intermediaPrevotella melaninogenicaPorphyromonas asaccharolyticaPropionibacterium acnes
Susceptibility Test Methods
When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide cumulative results of in vitro susceptibility test results for antimicrobial drugs used in local hospitals and practice areas to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile of nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting the most effective antimicrobial.
Dilution Techniques:
Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized test method. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method1,3 (broth or agar) or equivalent using standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of meropenem powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the criteria provided in Table 3.
Diffusion Techniques:
Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size provides an estimate of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The zone size should be determined using a standardized test method 2,3 and requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 10-mcg of meropenem to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to meropenem. The disk diffusion interpretive criteria are provided in Table 3.
Anaerobic Techniques:
For anaerobic bacteria, the susceptibility to meropenem as MICs can be determined by a standardized test method.2,4 The MIC values obtained should be interpreted according to the criteria provided in Table 3.
Table 3 Susceptibility Interpretive Criteria for Meropenem Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (mcg/mL) Disk Diffusion(zone diameters in mm) Pathogen S I R S I R S = Susceptible, I = Intermediate, R = Resistant No interpretative criteria have been established for testing enterococci. Susceptibility of staphylococci to meropenem may be deduced from testing penicillin and either cefoxitin or oxacillin. Enterobacteriaceae ≤ 1 2 ≥ 4 ≥ 23 20-22 ≤ 19 Pseudomonas aeruginosa The interpretive criteria for P. aeruginosa are based upon the dosing of 1g every 8 hours. ≤ 2 4 ≥ 8 ≥ 19 16-18 ≤ 15 Haemophilus influenzae The current absence of data on resistant isolates precludes defining any category other than "Susceptible". If isolates yield MIC results other than susceptible, they should be submitted to a reference laboratory for additional testing. ≤ 0.5 — — ≥ 20 — — Neisseria meningitidis ≤ 0.25 — — ≥ 30 — — Streptococcus pneumoniae For nonmeningitis isolates of S. pneumoniae a penicillin MIC of ≤ 0.06 mcg/mL or oxacillin zone ≥ 20 mm can predict susceptibility to meropenem. MIC testing should be performed on isolates that do not test as susceptible by either of these methods, and on all meningitis S. pneumoniae isolates. ,Reliable disk diffusion tests for meropenem do not yet exist for testing streptococci. ≤ 0.25 0.5 ≥ 1 — — — Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus pyogenes , Viridans group streptococci should be tested for meropenem susceptibility using a MIC method and results should be reported using the interpretive criteria uled for S. agalactiae and S. pyogenes. ,≤ 0.5 — — — — — Anaerobes MIC values using either Brucella blood or Wilkins Chalgren agar (former reference medium) are considered equivalent, based upon published in vitro literature and a multicenter collaborative trial for these antimicrobial agents. Broth microdilution is only recommended for testing the B. fragilis group. MIC values for agar or broth microdilution are considered equivalent for that group. ≤ 4 8 ≥ 16 — — —
A report of Susceptible indicates that the antimicrobial is likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. A report of Intermediate indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where a high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of Resistant indicates that the antimicrobial is not likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable; other therapy should be selected.
Quality Control
Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of quality controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test. Standard meropenem powder should provide the following range of values noted in Table 4.
Table 4 Acceptable Quality Control Ranges for Meropenem QC Strain Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations(MICs = mcg/mL) Disk Diffusion(Zone diameters in mm) Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 0.03-0.12 — Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 — 29–37 Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 0.06-0.25 28–35 Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 2–8 Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 0.008-0.06 28–34 Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49766 0.03-0.12 Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 — 20–28 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 0.25-1 27–33 Bacteroides fragilis Using the Reference Agar Dilution procedure. ATCC 252850.03–0.25 Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29741 0.125-0.5 Eubacterium lentum ATCC 43055 0.125-1 Clostridium dificile ATCC 700057 0.5-4
13 Nonclinical Toxicology
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS & IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY SECTION
Carcinogenesis:
Carcinogenesis studies have not been performed.
CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS & IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY SECTION
Mutagenesis:
Genetic toxicity studies were performed with meropenem using the bacterial reverse mutation test, the Chinese hamster ovary HGPRT assay, cultured human lymphocytes cytogenic assay, and the mouse micronucleus test. There was no evidence of mutagenic potential found in any of these tests.
CARCINOGENESIS & MUTAGENESIS & IMPAIRMENT OF FERTILITY SECTION
Impairment of Fertility:
Reproductive studies were performed with meropenem in rats at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day, and cynomolgus monkeys at doses up to 360 mg/kg/day (on the basis of AUC comparisons, approximately 1.8 times and 3.7 times, respectively, to the human exposure at the usual dose of 1 gram every 8 hours). There was no reproductive toxicity seen.
14 Clinical Studies
14.1 Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections
Adult patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections including complicated cellulitis, complex abscesses, perirectal abscesses, and skin infections requiring intravenous antimicrobials, hospitalization, and surgical intervention were enrolled in a randomized, multi-center, international, double-blind trial. The study evaluated meropenem at doses of 500 mg administered intravenously every 8 hours and imipenem-cilastatin at doses of 500 mg administered intravenously every 8 hours. The study compared the clinical response between treatment groups in the clinically evaluable population at the follow-up visit (test-of-cure). The trial was conducted in the United States, South Africa, Canada, and Brazil. At enrollment, approximately 37% of the patients had underlying diabetes, 12% had underlying peripheral vascular disease and 67% had a surgical intervention. The study included 510 patients randomized to meropenem and 527 patients randomized to imipenem-cilastatin. Two hundred and sixty one (261) patients randomized to meropenem and 287 patients randomized to imipenem-cilastatin were clinically evaluable. The success rates in the clinically evaluable patients at the follow-up visit were 86% (225/261) in the meropenem arm and 83% (238/287) in imipenem-cilastatin arm.
The following table provides the results for the overall as well as subgroup comparisons in clinically evaluable population.
Success Rate Percent of satisfactory clinical response at follow-up evaluation. Population Meropenem for Injection n n=number of patients with satisfactory response. /NN=number of patients in the clinically evaluable population or respective subgroup within treatment groups. Imipenem-cilastatin n /N (%) Total 225/261 (86) 238/287 (83) Diabetes mellitus 83/97 (86) 76/105 (72) No diabetes mellitus 142/164 (87) 162/182 (89) Less than 65 years of age 190/218 (87) 205/241 (85) 65 years of age or older 35/43 (81) 33/46 (72) Men 130/148 (88) 137/172 (80) Women 95/113 (84) 101/115 (88)
The following clinical efficacy rates were obtained, per organism. The values represent the number of patients clinically cured/number of clinically evaluable patients at the post-treatment follow-up visit, with the percent cure in parentheses (Fully Evaluable analysis set).
MICROORGANISMS Patients may have more than one pretreatment pathogen. Meropenem for Injection n n=number of patients with satisfactory response. /NN=number of patients in the clinically evaluable population or subgroup within treatment groups. Imipenem-cilastatin n /N (%) %= Percent of satisfactory clinical response at follow-up evaluation. Gram-positive aerobes Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin susceptible 82/88 (93) 84/100 (84) Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) 26/29 (90) 28/32 (88) Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) 12/17 (71) 16/19 (84) Enterococcus faecalis 9/12 (75) 14/20 (70) Streptococcus viridansGroup, nos 11/12 (92) 5/6 (83) Gram-negative aerobes Escherichia coli 12/15 (80) 15/21 (71) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 11/15 (73) 13/15 (87) Proteus mirabilis 11/13 (85) 6/7 (86) Anaerobes Bacteroides fragilis 10/11 (91) 9/10 (90) Peptostreptococcus species 10/13 (77) 14/16 (88)
The proportion of patients who discontinued study treatment due to an adverse event was similar for both treatment groups (meropenem, 2.5% and imipenem-cilastatin, 2.7%).
14.2 Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections
One controlled clinical study of complicated intra-abdominal infection was performed in the United States where meropenem was compared with clindamycin/tobramycin. Three controlled clinical studies of complicated intra-abdominal infections were performed in Europe; meropenem was compared with imipenem (two trials) and cefotaxime/metronidazole (one trial).
Using strict evaluability criteria and microbiologic eradication and clinical cures at follow-up which occurred 7 or more days after completion of therapy, the following presumptive microbiologic eradication/clinical cure rates and statistical findings were obtained:
Treatment Arm No. evaluable/ No. enrolled (%) Microbiologic Eradication Rate Clinical Cure Rate Outcome meropenem 146/516 (28%) 98/146 (67%) 101/146 (69%) imipenem 65/220 (30%) 40/65 (62%) 42/65 (65%) Meropenem equivalent to control cefotaxime/metronidazole 26/85 (30%) 22/26 (85%) 22/26 (85%) Meropenem not equivalent to control clindamycin/tobramycin 50/212 (24%) 38/50 (76%) 38/50 (76%) Meropenem equivalent to control
The finding that meropenem was not statistically equivalent to cefotaxime/metronidazole may have been due to uneven assignment of more seriously ill patients to the meropenem arm. Currently there is no additional information available to further interpret this observation.
14.3 Bacterial Meningitis
Four hundred forty-six patients (397 pediatric patients 3 months to less than 17 years of age) were enrolled in 4 separate clinical trials and randomized to treatment with meropenem (n=225) at a dose of 40 mg/kg every 8 hours or a comparator drug, i.e., cefotaxime (n=187) or ceftriaxone (n=34), at the approved dosing regimens. A comparable number of patients were found to be clinically evaluable (ranging from 61-68%) and with a similar distribution of pathogens isolated on initial CSF culture.
Patients were defined as clinically not cured if any one of the following three criteria were met:
- At the 5-7 week post-completion of therapy visit, the patient had any one of the following: moderate to severe motor, behavior or development deficits, hearing loss of greater than60 decibels in one or both ears, or blindness.
- During therapy the patient's clinical status necessitated the addition of other antibacterial drugs.
- Either during or post-therapy, the patient developed a large subdural effusion needing surgical drainage, or a cerebral abscess, or a bacteriologic relapse.
Using the definition, the following efficacy rates were obtained, per organism. The values represent the number of patients clinically cured/number of clinically evaluable patients, with the percent cure in parentheses.
MICROORGANISMS Meropenem for Injection COMPARATOR S. pneumoniae 17/24 (71) 19/30 (63) H. influenzae (+) (+) β-lactamase-producing 8/10 (80) 6/6 (100) H. influenzae (-/NT) (-/NT) non-β-lactamase-producing or not tested 44/59 (75) 44/60 (73) N. meningitidis 30/35 (86) 35/39 (90) Total (including others) 102/131 (78) 108/140 (77)
Sequelae were the most common reason patients were assessed as clinically not cured.
Five patients were found to be bacteriologically not cured, 3 in the comparator group (1 relapse and 2 patients with cerebral abscesses) and 2 in the meropenem group (1 relapse and 1 with continued growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
The adverse events seen were comparable between the two treatment groups both in type and frequency. The meropenem group did have a statistically higher number of patients with transient elevation of liver enzymes [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]. Rates of seizure activity during therapy were comparable between patients with no CNS abnormalities who received meropenem and those who received comparator agents. In the Meropenem for Injection treated group, 12/15 patients with seizures had late onset seizures (defined as occurring on day 3 or later) versus 7/20 in the comparator arm.
With respect to hearing loss, 263 of the 271 evaluable patients had at least one hearing test performed post- therapy. The following table shows the degree of hearing loss between the meropenem-treated patients and the comparator-treated patients.
Degree of Hearing Loss(in one or both ears) Meropenemn = 128 Comparatorn = 135 No loss 61% 56% 20-40 decibels 20% 24% Greater than 40-60 decibels 8% 7% Greater than 60 decibels 9% 10%
15 References
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard - Ninth Edition. CLSI document M07-A9, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2012.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard - Eleventh Edition. CLSI document M02-A11, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2012.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-third Informational Supplement, CLSI document M100-S23. CLSI document M100-S23, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA, 2013
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria; Approved Standard - Eight Edition. CLSI document M11-A8. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, PA 19087 USA, 2012
- Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976; 16:31-41.
16 How Supplied/storage And Handling
STORAGE AND HANDLING SECTION
Meropenem for Injection is supplied in 20 mL and 30 mL injection vials containing sufficient meropenem to deliver 500 mg or 1 gram for intravenous administration, respectively. The dry powder should be stored at controlled room temperature 20º - 25º C (68º -77º F) [see USP].
- 500 mg Injection Vial (NDC 44647-032-10)1 gram Injection Vial (NDC 44647-033-10)
17 Patient Counseling Information
- Counsel patients that antibacterial drugs including Meropenem for Injection should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Meropenem for Injection is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, tell patients that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, take the medication exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Meropenem for Injection or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
- Counsel patients that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibacterial drugs which usually ends when the antibacterial drug is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibacterial drugs, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibacterial drug. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ].
- Counsel patients to inform their physician if they are taking valproic acid or divalproex sodium. Valproic acid concentrations in the blood may drop below the therapeutic range upon co-administration with Meropenem for Injection. If treatment with Meropenem for Injection is necessary and continued, alternative or supplemental anti-convulsant medication to prevent and/or treat seizures may be needed [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ].
- Patients receiving Meropenem for Injection on an outpatient basis may develop adverse events such as seizures, headaches and/or paresthesias that could interfere with mental alertness and/or cause motor impairment. Until it is reasonably well established that Meropenem for Injection is well tolerated, patients should not operate machinery or motorized vehicles [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) ].
NORMOSOL is a registered trademark of Hospira Inc.Manufactured by:Savior Lifetec Corporation4F., No. 12 & 16, Chuangye Rd., Xinshi Dist., Tainan City 74144, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Revised: 1/2016
Principal Display Panel - 1 G Vial Label
Meropenem for Injection, USP
1 gram per vial Meropenem Equivalent
For Intravenous Use Only
Rx only
Contents are Sterile
Principal Display Panel - 1 G Vial Carton
NDC 44674-033-10
Meropenem for Injection, USP For Intravenous Use only Discard unused portionRx Only
1 gram per Vial meropenem equivalent
10 x 1 gram Single Dose Vials Dosage and Administration: See accompanying Prescribing Information For IV Preparation: Dilute with approved diluent and prepare as specified in the ac companying Prescribing Information Prior to Constitution: Store at controlled room temperature 20-25°C (68-77°F) After Constitution: See accompanying Prescribing Information. Each vial contains: Meropenem equivalent to 1 g of Meropenem activity. Sodium content is 90.2 mg (3.92 Eq).
Principal Display Panel - 500 Mg Vial Label
Meropenem for Injection, USP
500 mg per vial Meropenem Equivalent
For Intravenous Use Only
Rx only
Contents are Sterile
Principal Display Panel - 500 Mg Vial Carton
NDC 44647-032-10
Meropenem for Injection, USP For Intravenous Use only Discard unused portionRx Only
500mg per Vial meropenem equivalent
10 x 500 mg Single Dose Vials Dosage and Administration: See accompanying Prescribing Information For IV Preparation: Dilute with approved diluent and prepare as specified in the ac companying Prescribing Information Prior to Constitution: Store at controlled room temperature 20-25°C (68-77°F) After Constitution: See accompanying Prescribing Information. Each vial contains: Meropenem equivalent to 500 mg of Meropenem activity. Sodium content is 45.1 mg (1.96 Eq)
DISCLAIMER:
"This tool does not provide medical advice, and is for informational and educational purposes only, and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, treatment or diagnosis. Call your doctor to receive medical advice. If you think you may have a medical emergency, please dial 911."
"Do not rely on openFDA to make decisions regarding medical care. While we make every effort to ensure that data is accurate, you should assume all results are unvalidated. We may limit or otherwise restrict your access to the API in line with our Terms of Service."
"This product uses publicly available data from the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services; NLM is not responsible for the product and does not endorse or recommend this or any other product."
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