Metformin (metformin hydrochloride 1000 mg) Dailymed
Generic: metformin is used for the treatment of Acidosis Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Liver Diseases Diabetic Ketoacidosis Renal Insufficiency
IMPRINT: NL2
SHAPE: oval
COLOR: white
Boxed Warning
Warning: Lactic Acidosis
-
Postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis have resulted in death, hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias. Symptoms included malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, and abdominal pain. Laboratory abnormalities included elevated blood lactate levels, anion gap acidosis, increased lactate/pyruvate ratio; and metformin plasma levels generally >5 mcg/mL. (
5.1 ) -
Risk factors include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs, age >65 years old, radiological studies with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states, excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment. Steps to reduce the risk of and manage metformin- associated lactic acidosis in these high risk groups are provided in the Full Prescribing Information. (
5.1 ) -
If lactic acidosis is suspected, discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and institute general supportive measures in a hospital setting. Prompt hemodialysis is recommended. (
5.1 )
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Warning: Lactic Acidosis
WARNING: LACTIC ACIDOSIS
See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.
- Postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis have resulted in death, hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias. Symptoms included malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, and abdominal pain. Laboratory abnormalities included elevated blood lactate levels, anion gap acidosis, increased lactate/pyruvate ratio; and metformin plasma levels generally >5 mcg/mL. (
5.1 )- Risk factors include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs, age >65 years old, radiological studies with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states, excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment. Steps to reduce the risk of and manage metformin- associated lactic acidosis in these high risk groups are provided in the Full Prescribing Information. (
5.1 )- If lactic acidosis is suspected, discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and institute general supportive measures in a hospital setting. Prompt hemodialysis is recommended. (
5.1 )Postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis have resulted in death, hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias. The onset of metformin- associated lactic acidosis is often subtle, accompanied only by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, somnolence, and abdominal pain. Metformin- associated lactic acidosis was characterized by elevated blood lactate levels (>5 mmol/Liter), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), an increased lactate/pyruvate ratio; and metformin plasma levels generally >5 mcg/mL [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
Risk factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis include renal impairment, concomitant use of certain drugs (e.g. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as topiramate), age 65 years old or greater, having a radiological study with contrast, surgery and other procedures, hypoxic states (e.g., acute congestive heart failure), excessive alcohol intake, and hepatic impairment.
Steps to reduce the risk of and manage metformin-associated lactic acidosis in these high risk groups are provided [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
If metformin-associated lactic acidosis is suspected, immediately discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and institute general supportive measures in a hospital setting. Prompt hemodialysis is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
1 Indications And Usage
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are a biguanide indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ( 1 )
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2 Dosage And Administration
- Swallow metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whole and never crush, cut or chew (
2.1 )- Starting dose: 500 mg orally once daily with the evening meal (
2.1 )- Increase the dose in increments of 500 mg weekly, up to a maximum of 2,000 mg once daily with the evening meal (
2.1 )- Patients receiving metformin hydrochloride (HCl) tablets may be switched to metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets once daily at the same total daily dose, up to 2,000 mg once daily (
2.1 )Renal Impairment:
- Prior to initiation, assess renal function with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (
2.2 )
- Do not use in patients with eGFR below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2(
2.2 )- Initiation is not recommended in patients with eGFR between 30 to 45 mL/minute/1.73 m2(
2.2 )- Assess risk/benefit of continuing if eGFR falls below 45 mL/minute/1.73 m2(
2.2 )- Discontinue if eGFR falls below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2(
2.2 )Discontinuation for Iodinated Contrast Imaging Procedures:
- Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may need to be discontinued at time of, or prior to, iodinated contrast imaging procedures (
2.3 )2.1 Adult Dosage and Administration
- Swallow metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whole and never crush, cut or chew.
- The recommended starting dose of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets is 500 mg orally once daily with the evening meal.
- Increase the dose in increments of 500 mg weekly on the basis of glycemic control and tolerability, up to a maximum of 2,000 mg once daily with the evening meal.
- If glycemic control is not achieved with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2,000 mg once daily, consider a trial of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 1,000 mg twice daily.
- Patients receiving metformin hydrochloride (HCl) may be switched to metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets once daily at the same total daily dose, up to 2,000 mg once daily.
2.2 Recommendations for Use in Renal Impairment
- Assess renal function prior to initiation of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and periodically thereafter.
- Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are contraindicated in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2.
- Initiation of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in patients with an eGFR between 30 to 45 mL/minute/1.73 m2is not recommended.
- In patients taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whose eGFR later falls below 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, assess the benefit risk of continuing therapy.
- Discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if the patient's eGFR later falls below 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2 [see Contraindications (4)and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
2.3 Discontinuation for Iodinated Contrast Imaging Procedures
Discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets at the time of, or prior to, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR between 30 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure; restart metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if renal function is stable.
3 Dosage Forms And Strengths
Extended-Release Tablets: 500 mg and 1,000 mg ( 3 )
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are available as:
- Extended-release tablets : 500 mg white-colored tablets imprinted with "NL2" on one side.
- Extended-release tablets : 1,000 mg white-colored tablets imprinted with "NL1" on one side.
4 Contraindications
- Severe renal impairment (eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) (
4 ,5.1 )- Hypersensitivity to metformin (
4 )- Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma. (
4 )Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are contraindicated in patients with:
- Severe renal impairment (eGFR below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
- Hypersensitivity to metformin.
- Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, with or without coma.
5 Warnings And Precautions
- Lactic Acidosis: See
boxed warning . (5.1 )- Vitamin B12Deficiency: Metformin may lower vitamin B12levels. Measure hematological parameters annually and vitamin B12at 2 to 3 year intervals and manage any abnormalities. (
5.2 )- Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin and Insulin Secretagogues: Increased risk of hypoglycemia when used in combination with insulin and/or an insulin secretagogue. Lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required. (
5.3 )5.1 Lactic Acidosis
There have been postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis, including fatal cases. These cases had a subtle onset and were accompanied by nonspecific symptoms such as malaise, myalgias, abdominal pain, respiratory distress, or increased somnolence; however, hypotension and resistant bradyarrhythmias have occurred with severe acidosis. Metformin- associated lactic acidosis was characterized by elevated blood lactate concentrations (>5 mmol/L), anion gap acidosis (without evidence of ketonuria or ketonemia), and an increased lactate: pyruvate ratio; metformin plasma levels were generally >5 mcg/mL. Metformin decreases liver uptake of lactate increasing lactate blood levels which may increase the risk of lactic acidosis, especially in patients at risk.
If metformin-associated lactic acidosis is suspected, general supportive measures should be instituted promptly in a hospital setting, along with immediate discontinuation of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. In metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets treated patients with a diagnosis or strong suspicion of lactic acidosis, prompt hemodialysis is recommended to correct the acidosis and remove accumulated metformin (metformin HCl is dialyzable with a clearance of up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions). Hemodialysis has often resulted in reversal of symptoms and recovery.
Educate patients and their families about the symptoms of lactic acidosis and, if these symptoms occur, instruct them to discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and report these symptoms to their healthcare provider.
For each of the known and possible risk factors for metformin-associated lactic acidosis, recommendations to reduce the risk of and manage metformin-associated lactic acidosis are provided below:
- Renal impairment —The postmarketing metformin-associated lactic acidosis cases primarily occurred in patients with significant renal impairment.
The risk of metformin accumulation and metformin-associated lactic acidosis increases with the severity of renal impairment because metformin is substantially excreted by the kidney. Clinical recommendations based upon the patient's renal function include [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]:
o Before initiating metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, obtain an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).
o Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are contraindicated in patients with an eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 [see Contraindications (4) ].
o Initiation of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets is not recommended in patients with eGFR between 30 to 45 mL/min/1.73 m2.
o Obtain an eGFR at least annually in all patients taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. In patients at risk for the development of renal impairment (e.g., the elderly), renal function should be assessed more frequently.
o In patients taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whose eGFR falls below 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, assess the benefit and risk of continuing therapy.
- Drug interactions — The concomitant use of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets with specific drugs may increase the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis: those that impair renal function, result in significant hemodynamic change, interfere with acid-base balance, or increase metformin accumulation[see Drug Interactions (7)] . Consider more frequent monitoring of patients.
- Age 65 or greater — The risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis increases with the patient's age because elderly patients have a greater likelihood of having hepatic, renal, or cardiac impairment than younger patients. Assess renal function more frequently in elderly patients.
- Radiologic studies with contrast — Administration of intravascular iodinated contrast agents in metformin-treated patients has led to an acute decrease in renal function and the occurrence of lactic acidosis. Stop metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets at the time of, or prior to, an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR between 30 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; in patients with a history of hepatic impairment, alcoholism or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinated contrast. Re-evaluate eGFR 48 hours after the imaging procedure, and restart metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if renal function is stable.
- Surgery and other procedures — Withholding of food and fluids during surgical or other procedures may increase the risk for volume depletion, hypotension, and renal impairment. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets should be temporarily discontinued while patients have restricted food and fluid intake.
- Hypoxic states — Several of the postmarketing cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis occurred in the setting of acute congestive heart failure (particularly when accompanied by hypoperfusion and hypoxemia). Cardiovascular collapse (shock), acute myocardial infarction, sepsis, and other conditions associated with hypoxemia have been associated with lactic acidosis and may cause prerenal azotemia. When such an event occurs, discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.
- Excessive alcohol intake — Alcohol potentiates the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism. Patients should be warned against excessive alcohol intake while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.
- Hepatic impairment — Patients with hepatic impairment have developed cases of metformin-associated lactic acidosis. This may be due to impaired lactate clearance resulting in higher lactate blood levels. Therefore, avoid use of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in patients with clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic disease.
5.2 Vitamin B Deficiency
In clinical trials of 29-week duration with metformin HCl tablets, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B12 levels was observed in approximately 7% of patients. Such decrease, possibly due to interference with B12 absorption from the B12-intrinsic factor complex, may be associated with anemia but appears to be rapidly reversible with discontinuation of metformin or vitamin B12 supplementation. Certain individuals (those with inadequate vitamin B12 or calcium intake or absorption) appear to be predisposed to developing subnormal vitamin B12 levels. Measure hematologic parameters on an annual basis and vitamin B12 at 2 to 3 year intervals in patients on metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and manage any abnormalities [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ].
5.3 Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin and Insulin Secretagogues
Insulin and insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylurea) are known to cause hypoglycemia. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when combined with insulin and/or an insulin secretagogue. Therefore, a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia when used in combination with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets [see Drug Interactions (7) ].
5.4 Macrovascular Outcomes
There have been no clinical studies establishing conclusive evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.
6 Adverse Reactions
Common adverse reactions are diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, abdomen distention, dyspepsia/heartburn, flatulence, dizziness, headache, upper respiratory infection, taste disturbance. ( 6.1 )
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC Toll-Free at 1-877-748-1970 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 orwww.fda.gov/medwatch.
The following adverse reactions are also discussed elsewhere in the labeling:
- Lactic Acidosis [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]
- Vitamin B12Deficiency [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]
- Hypoglycemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]
6.1 Clinical Studies Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
In placebo-controlled trials, 781 patients were administered metformin HCl extended-release tablets. Adverse reactions reported in greater than 5% of the patients treated with metformin HCl extended-release tablets and that were more common than in placebo-treated patients are uled in Table 1.
Diarrhea led to the discontinuation of metformin HCl extended-release tablets in 0.6% of patients. Additionally, the following adverse reactions were reported in 1.0% to 5.0% of patients treated with metformin HCl extended-release tablets and were more commonly reported than in placebo-treated patients: abdominal pain, constipation, abdomen distention, dyspepsia/heartburn, flatulence, dizziness, headache, upper respiratory infection, taste disturbance.
Laboratory Tests
Vitamin B12 Concentrations
In clinical trials of 29-week duration with metformin HCl tablets, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B12 levels was observed in approximately 7% of patients.
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of metformin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Cholestatic, hepatocellular, and mixed hepatocellular liver injury have been reported with postmarketing use of metformin.
7 Drug Interactions
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may increase risk of lactic acidosis. Consider more frequent monitoring (
7 )- Drugs that reduce metformin clearance (such as ranolazine, vandetanib, dolutegravir, and cimetidine) may increase the accumulation of metformin. Consider the benefits and risks of concomitant use (
7 )- Alcohol can potentiate the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism. Warn patients against excessive alcohol intake (
7 )Table 2 presents clinically significant drug interactions with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.
8 Use In Specific Populations
- Females and Males of Reproductive Potential: Advise premenopausal females of the potential for an unintended pregnancy. (
8.3 )- Geriatric Use: Assess renal function more frequently. (
8.5 )- Hepatic Impairment: Avoid use in patients with hepatic impairment. (
8.7 )8.1 Pregnancy
Risk Summary
Limited data with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pregnant women are not sufficient to determine a drug-associated risk for major birth defects or miscarriage. Published studies with metformin use during pregnancy have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defect or miscarriage risk [see Data]. There are risks to the mother and fetus associated with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in pregnancy [see Clinical Considerations ].
No adverse developmental effects were observed when metformin was administered to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses up to 2- and 5- times, respectively, a 2550 mg clinical dose, based on body surface area [see Data].
The estimated background risk of major birth defects is 6 to 10% in women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus with an HbA1C >7 and has been reported to be as high as 20 to 25% in women with a HbA1C >10. The estimated background risk of miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.
Clinical Considerations
Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk
Poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus in pregnancy increases the maternal risk for diabetic ketoacidosis, pre-eclampsia, spontaneous abortions, preterm delivery, stillbirth and delivery complications. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus increases the fetal risk for major birth defects, stillbirth, and macrosomia related morbidity.
Data
Human Data
Published data from post-marketing studies have not reported a clear association with metformin and major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes when metformin was used during pregnancy. However, these studies cannot definitely establish the absence of any metformin-associated risk because of methodological limitations, including small sample size and inconsistent comparator groups.
Animal Data
Metformin HCl did not adversely affect development outcomes when administered to pregnant rats and rabbits at doses up to 600 mg/kg/day. This represents an exposure of about 2 and 5 times a 2550 mg clinical dose based on body surface area comparisons for rats and rabbits, respectively. Determination of fetal concentrations demonstrated a partial placental barrier to metformin.
8.2 Lactation
Risk Summary
Limited published studies report that metformin is present in human milk [see Data ]. However, there is insufficient information to determine the effects of metformin on the breastfed infant and no available information on the effects of metformin on milk production. Therefore, the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets or from the underlying maternal condition.
Data
Published clinical lactation studies report that metformin is present in human milk which resulted in infant doses approximately 0.11% to 1% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage and a milk/plasma ratio ranging between 0.13 and 1. However, the studies were not designed to definitely establish the risk of use of metformin during lactation because of small sample size and limited adverse event data collected in infants.
8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
Discuss the potential for unintended pregnancy with premenopausal women as therapy with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may result in ovulation in some anovulatory women.
8.4 Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pediatric patients have not been established.
8.5 Geriatric Use
Controlled clinical studies of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets did not include sufficient numbers of elderly patients to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy and the higher risk of lactic acidosis. Assess renal function more frequently in elderly patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
8.6 Renal Impairment
Metformin is substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of metformin accumulation and lactic acidosis increases with the degree of renal impairment. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are contraindicated in severe renal impairment, patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.1), and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].
8.7 Hepatic Impairment
Use of metformin in patients with hepatic impairment has been associated with some cases of lactic acidosis. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are not recommended in patients with hepatic impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
10 Overdosage
Overdose of metformin HCl has occurred, including ingestion of amounts greater than 50 grams. Hypoglycemia was reported in approximately 10% of cases, but no causal association with metformin has been established. Lactic acidosis has been reported in approximately 32% of metformin overdose cases [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. Metformin is dialyzable with a clearance of up to 170 mL/min under good hemodynamic conditions. Therefore, hemodialysis may be useful for removal of accumulated drug from patients in whom metformin overdosage is suspected.
11 Description
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets contain the biguanidine antihyperglycemic agent, metformin, in the form of monohydrochloride salt. The chemical name of metformin HCl is N, N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide hydrochloride with a molecular formula of C4H11N5•HCl and a molecular weight of 165.63. Its structural formula is:
Metformin HCl is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is freely soluble in water and is practically insoluble in acetone, ether, and chloroform. The pKa of metformin is 12.4. The pH of a 1% aqueous solution of metformin HCl is 6.68.
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets deliver 500 mg or 1,000 mg of metformin HCl, which is equivalent to 389.93 mg or 779.86 mg metformin, respectively. In addition to the active ingredient metformin HCl, each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, povidone, triethyl citrate, titanium dioxide, polydextrose, triacetin, macrogol/PEG.
Product Meets USP Dissolution Test 23.
12 Clinical Pharmacology
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent which improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. With metformin therapy, insulin secretion remains unchanged while fasting insulin levels and day-long plasma insulin response may decrease.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
In a multiple-dose crossover study, 23 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were administered either metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2,000 mg once a day (after dinner) or metformin HCl tablets 1,000 mg twice a day (after breakfast and after dinner). After 4 weeks of treatment, steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), and maximum concentration (Cmax) were evaluated. The appearance of metformin in plasma from metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets is slower and more prolonged compared to metformin HCl tablets. Results are presented in Table 3.
In four single-dose studies and one multiple-dose study, the bioavailability of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets 2,000 mg given once daily, in the evening, under fed conditions [as measured by AUC] was similar to the same total daily dose administered as metformin HCl tablets 1,000 mg given twice daily. The geometric mean ratios (metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets / metformin HCL tablets) of AUC0-24hr, AUC0-72hr, and AUC0-inf for these five studies ranged from 0.96 to 1.08.
In a single-dose, four-period replicate crossover design study, comparing two 500 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets to one 1,000 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet administered in the evening with food to 29 healthy male subjects, two 500 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets were found to be equivalent to one 1,000 mg metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablet.
In a study carried out with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, there was a dose-associated increase in metformin exposure over 24 hours following oral administration of 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, and 2,500 mg.
In three studies with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets using different treatment regimens (2,000 mg after dinner; 1,000 mg after breakfast and after dinner; and 2,500 mg after dinner), the pharmacokinetics of metformin as measured by AUC appeared linear following multiple-dose administration.
Effect of food: The extent of metformin absorption (as measured by AUC) from metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets increased by approximately 60% when given with food. When metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets were administered with food, Cmax was increased by approximately 30% and Tmax was more prolonged compared with the fasting state (6.1 versus 4.0 hours).
Distribution
The apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of metformin following single oral doses of metformin HCl tablets 850 mg averaged 654 ± 358 L. Metformin is negligibly bound to plasma proteins. Metformin partitions into erythrocytes, most likely as a function of time.
Metabolism
Intravenous single-dose studies in normal subjects demonstrate that metformin is excreted unchanged in the urine and does not undergo hepatic metabolism (no metabolites have been identified in humans) nor biliary excretion.
Elimination
Renal clearance (see Table 4) is approximately 3.5 times greater than creatinine clearance, which indicates that tubular secretion is the major route of metformin elimination. Following oral administration, approximately 90% of the absorbed drug is eliminated via the renal route within the first 24 hours, with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 6.2 hours. In blood, the elimination half-life is approximately 17.6 hours, suggesting that the erythrocyte mass may be a compartment of distribution.
Specific Populations
Renal Impairment
In patients with decreased renal function the plasma and blood half-life of metformin is prolonged and the renal clearance is decreased (see Table 4) [See Dosage and Administration (2.2), Contraindications (4), and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)and Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ].
Hepatic Impairment
No pharmacokinetic studies of metformin have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment [See Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.7) ].
Geriatrics
Limited data from controlled pharmacokinetic studies of metformin HCl tablets in healthy elderly subjects suggest that total plasma clearance of metformin is decreased, the half-life is prolonged, and Cmax is increased, compared to healthy young subjects. It appears that the change in metformin pharmacokinetics with aging is primarily accounted for by a change in renal function (see Table 4). [See Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.5) ].
Pediatrics
There are no available pharmacokinetic data with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets in pediatric patients.
Gender
Metformin pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly between normal subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus when analyzed according to gender (males=19, females=16).
Race
No studies of metformin pharmacokinetic parameters according to race have been performed.
Drug Interactions
In Vivo Assessment of Drug Interactions
13 Nonclinical Toxicology
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term carcinogenicity studies have been performed in rats (dosing duration of 104 weeks) and mice (dosing duration of 91 weeks) at doses up to and including 900 mg/kg/day and 1,500 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are both approximately 3 times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2550 mg based on body surface area comparisons. No evidence of carcinogenicity with metformin was found in either male or female mice. Similarly, therewas no tumorigenic potential observed with metformin in male rats. There was, however, an increased incidence of benign stromal uterine polyps in female rats treated with 900 mg/kg/day.
There was no evidence of a mutagenic potential of metformin in the following in vitro tests: Ames test (S. typhimurium), gene mutation test (mouse lymphoma cells), or chromosomal aberrations test (human lymphocytes). Results in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test were also negative.
Fertility of male or female rats was unaffected by metformin when administered at doses as high as 600 mg/kg/day, which is approximately 2 times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 2550 mg based on body surface area comparisons.
14 Clinical Studies
A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of metformin HCl extended-release tablets, taken once daily with the evening meal, was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had failed to achieve glycemic control with diet and exercise. Patients entering the study had a mean baseline HbA1c of 8.0% and a mean baseline FPG of 176 mg/dL. The treatment dose was increased to 1,500 mg once daily if at Week 12 HbA1c was ≥7.0% but <8.0% (patients with HbA1c ≥8.0% were discontinued from the study). At the final visit (24-week), mean HbA1c had increased 0.2% from baseline in placebo patients and decreased 0.6% with metformin HCl extended-release tablets.
A 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of metformin HCl extended-release tablets, taken once daily with the evening meal or twice daily with meals, was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had failed to achieve glycemic control with diet and exercise. The results are shown in Table 7.
Mean baseline body weight was 193 lbs, 192 lbs, 188 lbs, 196 lbs, 193 lbs and 194 lbs in the metformin HCl extended release tablets 500 mg, 1,000 mg, 1,500 mg, and 2,000 mg once daily, 1,000 mg twice daily and placebo arms, respectively. Mean change in body weight from baseline to week 16 was -1.3 lbs, -1.3 lbs, -0.7 lbs, -1.5 lbs, -2.2 lbs and -1.8 lbs, respectively.
A 24-week, double-blind, randomized study of metformin HCl extended-release tablets, taken once daily with the evening meal, and metformin HCl tablets, taken twice daily (with breakfast and evening meal), was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had been treated with metformin HCl tablets 500 mg twice daily for at least 8 weeks prior to study entry. The results are shown in Table 8.
Mean baseline body weight was 210 lbs, 203 lbs and 193 lbs in the metformin HCl tablets 500 mg twice daily, and metformin HCl extended-release tablets 1,000 mg and 1,500 mg once daily arms, respectively. Mean change in body weight from baseline to week 24 was 0.9 lbs, 1.1 lbs and 0.9 lbs, respectively.
16 How Supplied/storage And Handling
16.1 How Supplied
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are supplied as oval biconvex-shaped, film-coated extended-release tablets containing 500 mg or 1,000 mg of metformin hydrochloride.NDC 50742-633: 500 mg extended-release, white or off-white tablets imprinted with “NL2” on one side: bottles of 60, 90 and 1,000.NDC 50742-633-60 – 500 mg oval biconvex-shaped tablets supplied in bottles containing 60 tablets.NDC 50742-633-90 – 500 mg oval biconvex-shaped tablets supplied in bottles containing 90 tablets.NDC 50742-633-10 – 500 mg oval biconvex-shaped tablets supplied in bottles containing 1,000 tablets.NDC 50742-634: 1000 mg extended-release, white or off-white tablets imprinted with “NL1” on one side: bottles of 30, 60 and 1,000.NDC 50742-634-30 – 1,000 mg oval biconvex-shaped tablets supplied in bottles containing 30 tablets.NDC 50742-634-60 – 1,000 mg oval biconvex-shaped tablets supplied in bottles containing 60 tablets.NDC 50742-634-10 – 1,000 mg oval biconvex-shaped tablets supplied in bottles containing 1,000 tablets.
16.2 Storage
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F)[See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Avoid excessive heat and humidity.
Keep tightly closed (protect from moisture). Protect from light.
17 Patient Counseling Information
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information).
Lactic Acidosis:
Explain the risks of lactic acidosis, its symptoms, and conditions that predispose to its development. Advise patients to discontinue metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets immediately and to promptly notify their healthcare provider if unexplained hyperventilation, myalgias, malaise, unusual somnolence or other nonspecific symptoms occur. Counsel patients against excessive alcohol intake and inform patients about importance of regular testing of renal function while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Instruct patients to inform their doctor that they are taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets prior to any surgical or radiological procedure, as temporary discontinuation may be required [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
Hypoglycemia:
Inform patients that hypoglycemia may occur when metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are coadministered with oral sulfonylureas and insulin. Explain to patients receiving concomitant therapy the risks of hypoglycemia, its symptoms and treatment, and conditions that predispose to its development [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ].
Vitamin B12 Deficiency:
Inform patients about importance of regular hematological parameters while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ].
Females of Reproductive Age:
Inform females that treatment with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may result in ovulation in some premenopausal anovulatory women which may lead to unintended pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3) ].
Administration Information:
Inform patients that metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets must be swallowed whole and not crushed, cut, or chewed, and that the inactive ingredients may occasionally be eliminated in the feces as a soft mass that may resemble the original tablet.
Distributed by:
Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC
Orlando, FL 32811-7193
Made in China.
I0083
Rev.B
Iss. Jul 2023
Spl Patient Package Insert
PATIENT INFORMATION
Metformin hydrochloride
(met-FOR-min HYE-droe-KLOR-ide)
extended-release tablets ,USP
What is the most important information I should know about metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can cause serious side effects including:
Lactic Acidosis. Metformin hydrochloride, the medicine in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, can cause a rare, but serious side effect called lactic acidosis (a build-up of lactic acid in the blood) that can cause death. Lactic acidosis is a medical emergency and must be treated in a hospital.
Stop taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and call your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following symptoms of lactic acidosis:
- feel very weak and tired
- have unusual (not normal) muscle pain
- have trouble breathing
- have unexplained stomach or intestinal problems with nausea and vomiting, or diarrhea
- have unusual sleepiness or sleep longer than usual
- feel cold, especially in your arms and legs
- feel dizzy or lightheaded
- have a slow or irregular heartbeat
You have a higher chance of getting lactic acidosis if you:
- have severe kidney problems. See " Do not take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if you: "
- have liver problems.
- have congestive heart failure that requires treatment with medicines.
- drink a lot of alcohol (very often or short-term "binge" drinking).
- get dehydrated (lose a large amount of body fluids). This can happen if you are sick with a fever, vomiting, or diarrhea. Dehydration can also happen when you sweat a lot with activity or exercise and do not drink enough fluids.
- have certain x-ray tests with injectable dyes or contrast agents.
- have surgery.
- have a heart attack, severe infection, or stroke.
- are 65 years of age or older.
Tell your healthcare provider if you have any of the problems in the ul above.
Tell your healthcare provider that you are taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets before you have surgery or x-ray tests. Your healthcare provider may need to stop metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets for a while if you have surgery or certain x-ray tests).
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can have other serious side effects. See " What are the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? "
What are metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?
- Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are a prescription medicine that contain metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are used with diet and exercise to help control high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) in adults with type 2 diabetes.
- It is not known if metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are safe and effective in children under 18 years of age.
Do not take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if you:
- have severe kidney problems
- are allergic to metformin HCl or any of the ingredients in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. See the end of this Patient Information leaflet for a complete ul of ingredients in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.
- have a condition called metabolic acidosis including diabetic ketoacidosis (high levels of certain acids called "ketones" in your blood or urine).
Before taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, tell your healthcare provider about all your medical conditions, including if you:
- have a history or risk for diabetic ketoacidosis. See " Do not take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets if you: "
- have kidney problems.
- have liver problems.
- have heart problems, including congestive heart failure.
- are 65 years of age or older.
- drink alcohol very often or drink a lot of alcohol in short-term "binge" drinking.
- are taking insulin or a sulfonylurea medicine.
- are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets will harm your unborn baby. If you are pregnant, talk with your healthcare provider about the best way to control your blood sugar while you are pregnant.
- are a woman who has not gone through menopause (premenopausal) who does not have periods regularly or at all. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can cause the release of an egg from an ovary in a woman (ovulation). This can increase your chance of getting pregnant.
- are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets can pass into your breast milk. Talk with your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby while you take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.
Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Know the medicines you take. Keep a ul of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may affect the way other medicines work, and other medicines may affect how metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets works.
How should I take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?
- Take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets exactly as your healthcare provider tells you.
- Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets should be taken with your evening meals to help decrease an upset stomach.
- Swallow metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets whole. Do not crush, cut, or chew the tablets.
- When your body is under some types of stress, such as fever, trauma (such as a car accident), infection, or surgery, the amount of diabetes medicine that you need may change. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have any of these problems.
- Your healthcare provider should do blood tests to check how well your kidneys are working before and during your treatment with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.
- Your healthcare provider will check your diabetes with regular blood tests, including your blood sugar levels and your hemoglobin A1C.
- Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can happen more often when metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are taken with certain other diabetes medicines.
Talk to your healthcare provider about how to prevent, recognize and manage low blood sugar. See " What are the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets? "
- Check your blood sugar as your healthcare provider tells you to.
- Stay on your prescribed diet and exercise program while taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.
- If you take too much metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.
What should I avoid while taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?
Do not drink a lot of alcoholic drinks while taking metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. This means you should not binge drink for short periods, and you should not drink a lot of alcohol on a regular basis. Alcohol can increase the chance of getting lactic acidosis.
What are the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may cause serious side effects, including:
- See"What is the most important information I should know about metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?"
- Low vitamin B12(vitamin B12deficiency). Using metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may cause a decrease in the amount of vitamin B12in your blood, especially if you have had low vitamin B12levels before. Your healthcare provider may do blood tests to check your vitamin B12levels.
- Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).If you take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets with another medicine that can cause low blood sugar, such as a sulfonylurea or insulin, your risk of getting low blood sugar is higher. The dose of your sulfonylurea medicine or insulin may need to be lowered while you take metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets. Signs and symptoms of low blood sugar may include:
- headache
- drowsiness
- weakness
- irritability
- hunger
- fast heartbeat
- confusion
- shaking or feeling jittery
- dizziness
- sweating
Common side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets include:
- diarrhea
- nausea and vomiting
- gassiness (flatulence)
- indigestion
- stomach-area (abdominal) pain and swelling
- headache
- taste disturbance (unpleasant metallic taste)
These are not all the possible side effects of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC toll-free at 1-877-748-1970 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
How should I store metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?
Store metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C). See insert. Keep bottle tightly closed between each use to protect the metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets from moisture. Protect from light.
Keep metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and all medicines out of the reach of children.
General information about the safe and effective use of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets
Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those uled in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.
You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets that is written for health professionals.
What are the ingredients in metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets?
Active ingredients: metformin hydrochloride.
Inactive ingredients: ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, povidone, triethyl citrate, titanium dioxide, polydextrose, triacetin, macrogol/PEG.
Distributed by:
Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC
Orlando, FL 32811-7193
Made in China.
This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Rev.B
Iss. Jul 2023
Package Label.principal Display Panel-500mg-60ct
Package Label.principal Display Panel-1000mg-60ct
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