Pioglitazone (pioglitazone hydrochloride 15 mg) Dailymed

Recent Major Changes Section

Warnings and Precautions
  Urinary Bladder Tumors (5.5)	07/2011

Warning: Congestive Heart Failure

• • Thiazolidinediones, including pioglitazone tablets, cause or exacerbate congestive heart failure in some patients [seeWarnings and Precautions (5.1)].
• • After initiation of pioglitazone tablets, and after dose increases, monitor patients carefully for signs and symptoms of heart failure (e.g., excessive, rapid weight gain, dyspnea, and/or edema). If heart failure develops, it should be managed according to current standards of care and discontinuation or dose reduction of pioglitazone tablets must be considered.
• • Pioglitazone tablets are not recommended in patients with symptomatic heart failure.
• • Initiation of pioglitazone tablets in patients with established New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV heart failure is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

WARNING: CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.

• • Thiazolidinediones, including pioglitazone tablets, cause or exacerbate congestive heart failure in some patients. (5.1)
• • After initiation of pioglitazone tablets, and after dose increases, monitor patients carefully for signs and symptoms of heart failure (e.g., excessive, rapid weight gain, dyspnea, and/or edema). If heart failure develops, it should be managed according to current standards of care and discontinuation or dose reduction of pioglitazone tablets must be considered. (5.1)
• • Pioglitazone tablets are not recommended in patients with symptomatic heart failure.
• • Initiation of pioglitazone tablets in patients with established New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV heart failure is contraindicated. (4, 5.1)

• •Congestive heart failure: Fluid retention may occur and can exacerbate or lead to congestive heart failure. Combination use with insulin and use in congestive heart failure NYHA Class I and II may increase risk. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms. (5.1)
• •Edema: Dose-related edema may occur. (5.2)
• •Hepatic effects: Postmarketing reports of hepatic failure, sometimes fatal. Causality cannot be excluded. If liver injury is detected, promptly interrupt pioglitazone tablets and assess patient for probable cause, then treat cause if possible, to resolution or stabilization. Do not restart pioglitazone tablets if liver injury is confirmed and no alternate etiology can be found. (5.3)
• •Fractures: Increased incidence in female patients. Apply current standards of care for assessing and maintaining bone health. (5.4)
• •Bladder cancer: Preclinical and clinical trial data, and results from an observational study suggest an increased risk of bladder cancer in pioglitazone users. The observational data further suggest that the risk increases with duration of use. Do not use in patients with active bladder cancer. Use caution when using in patients with a prior history of bladder cancer. (5.5)
• •Hypoglycemia: When used with insulin or an insulin secretagogue, a lower dose of the insulin or insulin secretagogue may be needed to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. (5.6)
• •Macular edema: Postmarketing reports. Recommend regular eye exams in all patients with diabetes according to current standards of care with prompt evaluation for acute visual changes. (5.7)
• •Macrovascular outcomes: There have been no clinical studies establishing conclusive evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with pioglitazone tablets or any other antidiabetic drug. (5.9)

5.1 Congestive Heart Failure

Pioglitazone tablets, like other thiazolidinediones, can cause dose-related fluid retention when used alone or in combination with other antidiabetic medications and is most common when pioglitazone tablets are used in combination with insulin. Fluid retention may lead to or exacerbate congestive heart failure. Patients should be observed for signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure. If congestive heart failure develops, it should be managed according to current standards of care and discontinuation or dose reduction of pioglitazone tablets must be considered [see Boxed Warning, Contraindications (4) , and Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

5.2 Edema

In controlled clinical trials, edema was reported more frequently in patients treated with pioglitazone tablets than in placebo-treated patients and is dose-related [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. In postmarketing experience, reports of new onset or worsening edema have been received.

Pioglitazone tablets should be used with caution in patients with edema. Because thiazolidinediones, including pioglitazone tablets, can cause fluid retention, which can exacerbate or lead to congestive heart failure, pioglitazone tablets should be used with caution in patients at risk for congestive heart failure. Patients treated with pioglitazone tablets should be monitored for signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure [see Boxed Warning , Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Patient Counseling Information (17.1)].

5.3 Hepatic Effects

There have been postmarketing reports of fatal and non-fatal hepatic failure in patients taking pioglitazone tablets, although the reports contain insufficient information necessary to establish the probable cause. There has been no evidence of drug-induced hepatotoxicity in the pioglitazone tablets controlled clinical trial database to date [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Patients with type 2 diabetes may have fatty liver disease or cardiac disease with episodic congestive heart failure, both of which may cause liver test abnormalities, and they may also have other forms of liver disease, many of which can be treated or managed. Therefore, obtaining a liver test panel (serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin) and assessing the patient is recommended before initiating pioglitazone tablets therapy. In patients with abnormal liver tests, pioglitazone tablets should be initiated with caution.

Measure liver tests promptly in patients who report symptoms that may indicate liver injury, including fatigue, anorexia, right upper abdominal discomfort, dark urine or jaundice. In this clinical context, if the patient is found to have abnormal liver tests (ALT greater than 3 times the upper limit of the reference range), pioglitazone tablets treatment should be interrupted and investigation done to establish the probable cause. Pioglitazone tablets should not be restarted in these patients without another explanation for the liver test abnormalities.

Patients who have serum ALT greater than three times the reference range with serum total bilirubin greater than two times the reference range without alternative etiologies are at risk for severe drug-induced liver injury, and should not be restarted on pioglitazone tablets. For patients with lesser elevations of serum ALT or bilirubin and with an alternate probable cause, treatment with pioglitazone tablets can be used with caution.

5.4 Fractures

In PROactive (the Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events), 5238 patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of macrovascular disease were randomized to pioglitazone tablets (N=2605), force-titrated up to 45 mg daily or placebo (N=2633) in addition to standard of care. During a mean follow-up of 34.5 months, the incidence of bone fracture in females was 5.1% (44/870) for pioglitazone tablets versus 2.5% (23/905) for placebo. This difference was noted after the first year of treatment and persisted during the course of the study. The majority of fractures observed in female patients were nonvertebral fractures including lower limb and distal upper limb. No increase in the incidence of fracture was observed in men treated with pioglitazone tablets (1.7%) versus placebo (2.1%). The risk of fracture should be considered in the care of patients, especially female patients, treated with pioglitazone tablets and attention should be given to assessing and maintaining bone health according to current standards of care.

5.5 Urinary Bladder Tumors

Tumors were observed in the urinary bladder of male rats in the two-year carcinogenicity study [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ] . In two 3-year trials in which pioglitazone tablets were compared to placebo or glyburide, there were 16/3656 (0.44%) reports of bladder cancer in patients taking pioglitazone tablets compared to 5/3679 (0.14%) in patients not taking pioglitazone tablets. After excluding patients in whom exposure to study drug was less than one year at the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer, there were six (0.16%) cases on pioglitazone tablets and two (0.05%) cases on placebo.

A five-year interim report of an ongoing 10-year observational cohort study found a non-significant increase in the risk for bladder cancer in subjects ever exposed to pioglitazone tablets, compared to subjects never exposed to pioglitazone tablets (HR 1.2 [95% CI 0.9 – 1.5]). Compared to never exposure, a duration of pioglitazone tablets therapy longer than 12 months was associated with an increase in risk (HR 1.4 [95% CI 0.9 – 2.1]), which reached statistical significance after more than 24 months of pioglitazone tablets use (HR 1.4 [95% CI 1.03 – 2.0]). Interim results from this study suggested that taking pioglitazone tablets longer than 12 months increased the relative risk of developing bladder cancer in any given year by 40% which equates to an absolute increase of three cases in 10,000 (from approximately seven in 10,000 [without pioglitazone tablets] to approximately 10 in 10,000 [with pioglitazone tablets]).

There are insufficient data to determine whether pioglitazone is a tumor promoter for urinary bladder tumors. Consequently, pioglitazone tablets should not be used in patients with active bladder cancer and the benefits of glycemic control versus unknown risks for cancer recurrence with pioglitazone tablets should be considered in patients with a prior history of bladder cancer.

5.6 Hypoglycemia

Patients receiving pioglitazone tablets in combination with insulin or other anti-diabetic medications (particularly insulin secretagogues such as sulfonylureas) may be at risk for hypoglycemia. A reduction in the dose of the concomitant antidiabetic medication may be necessary to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].

5.7 Macular Edema

Macular edema has been reported in postmarketing experience in diabetic patients who were taking pioglitazone tablets or another thiazolidinedione. Some patients presented with blurred vision or decreased visual acuity, but others were diagnosed on routine ophthalmologic examination.

Most patients had peripheral edema at the time macular edema was diagnosed. Some patients had improvement in their macular edema after discontinuation of the thiazolidinedione.

Patients with diabetes should have regular eye exams by an ophthalmologist according to current standards of care. Patients with diabetes who report any visual symptoms should be promptly referred to an ophthalmologist, regardless of the patient's underlying medications or other physical findings [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

5.8 Ovulation

Therapy with pioglitazone tablets, like other thiazolidinediones, may result in ovulation in some premenopausal anovulatory women. As a result, these patients may be at an increased risk for pregnancy while taking pioglitazone tablets [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)]. This effect has not been investigated in clinical trials, so the frequency of this occurrence is not known. Adequate contraception in all premenopausal women treated with pioglitazone tablets is recommended.

5.9 Macrovascular Outcomes

There have been no clinical studies establishing conclusive evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with pioglitazone tablets or any other antidiabetic drug.

6 Adverse Reactions

The following serious adverse reactions are discussed elsewhere in the labeling:

• •Congestive heart failure [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
• •Edema [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
• •Fractures [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]

Most common adverse reactions (≥5% and at a rate higher than with placebo) include upper respiratory tract infection, headache, sinusitis, myalgia, and pharyngitis. (6.1)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Takeda Pharmaceuticals at 1-877-825-3327 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1 Clinical Studies Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Over 8500 patients with type 2 diabetes have been treated with pioglitazone tablets in randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials, including 2605 patients with type 2 diabetes and macrovascular disease treated with pioglitazone tablets in the PROactive clinical trial. In these trials, over 6000 patients have been treated with pioglitazone tablets for six months or longer, over 4500 patients have been treated with pioglitazone tablets for one year or longer, and over 3000 patients have been treated with pioglitazone tablets for at least two years.

In six pooled 16- to 26-week placebo-controlled monotherapy and 16- to 24-week add-on combination therapy trials, the incidence of withdrawals due to adverse events was 4.5% for patients treated with pioglitazone tablets and 5.8% for comparator-treated patients. The most common adverse events leading to withdrawal were related to inadequate glycemic control, although the incidence of these events was lower (1.5%) with pioglitazone tablets than with placebo (3.0%).

In the PROactive trial, the incidence of withdrawals due to adverse events was 9.0% for patients treated with pioglitazone tablets and 7.7% for placebo-treated patients. Congestive heart failure was the most common serious adverse event leading to withdrawal occurring in 1.3% of patients treated with pioglitazone tablets and 0.6% of patients treated with placebo.

Common Adverse Events: 16- to 26-Week Monotherapy Trials

A summary of the incidence and type of common adverse events reported in three pooled 16- to 26-week placebo-controlled monotherapy trials of pioglitazone tablets is provided in Table 1. Terms that are reported represent those that occurred at an incidence of >5% and more commonly in patients treated with pioglitazone tablets than in patients who received placebo. None of these adverse events were related to pioglitazone tablets dose.

Table 1. Three Pooled 16- to 26-Week Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials of Pioglitazone Tablets Monotherapy: Adverse Events Reported at an Incidence >5% and More Commonly in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets than in Patients Treated with Placebo
% of Patients
	Placebo N=259	Pioglitazone Tablets N=606
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection	8.5	13.2
Headache	6.9	9.1
Sinusitis	4.6	6.3
Myalgia	2.7	5.4
Pharyngitis	0.8	5.1

Common Adverse Events: 16- to 24-Week Add-on Combination Therapy Trials

A summary of the overall incidence and types of common adverse events reported in trials of pioglitazone tablets add-on to sulfonylurea is provided in Table 2. Terms that are reported represent those that occurred at an incidence of >5% and more commonly with the highest tested dose of pioglitazone tablets.

Table 2. 16- to 24-Week Clinical Trials of Pioglitazone Tablets Add-on to Sulfonylurea
	16-Week Placebo-Controlled Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Sulfonylurea than in Patients Treated with Placebo + Sulfonylurea
	% of Patients
	Placebo + Sulfonylurea N=187	Pioglitazone Tablets 15 mg + Sulfonylurea N=184	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Sulfonylurea N=189
Edema	2.1	1.6	12.7
Headache	3.7	4.3	5.3
Flatulence	0.5	2.7	6.3
Weight Increased	0	2.7	5.3
	24-Week Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets 45 mg + Sulfonylurea than in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Sulfonylurea
	% of Patients
	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Sulfonylurea N=351	Pioglitazone Tablets 45 mg + Sulfonylurea N=351
Hypoglycemia	13.4	15.7
Edema	10.5	23.1
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection	12.3	14.8
Weight Increased	9.1	13.4
Urinary Tract Infection	5.7	6.8
Note: The preferred terms of edema peripheral, generalized edema, pitting edema and fluid retention were combined to form the aggregate term of "edema."

A summary of the overall incidence and types of common adverse events reported in trials of pioglitazone tablets add-on to metformin is provided in Table 3. Terms that are reported represent those that occurred at an incidence of >5% and more commonly with the highest tested dose of pioglitazone tablets.

Table 3. 16- to 24-Week Clinical Trials of Pioglitazone Tablets Add-on to Metformin
	16-Week Placebo-Controlled Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets + Metformin than in Patients Treated with Placebo + Metformin
	% of Patients
	Placebo + Metformin N=160	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Metformin N=168
Edema	2.5	6.0
Headache	1.9	6.0
	24-Week Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets 45 mg + Metformin than in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Metformin
	% of Patients
	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Metformin N=411	Pioglitazone Tablets 45 mg + Metformin N=416
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection	12.4	13.5
Edema	5.8	13.9
Headache	5.4	5.8
Weight Increased	2.9	6.7
Note: The preferred terms of edema peripheral, generalized edema, pitting edema and fluid retention were combined to form the aggregate term of "edema."

Table 4 summarizes the incidence and types of common adverse events reported in trials of pioglitazone tablets add-on to insulin. Terms that are reported represent those that occurred at an incidence of >5% and more commonly with the highest tested dose of pioglitazone tablets.

Table 4. 16- to 24-Week Clinical Trials of Pioglitazone Tablets Add-on to Insulin
	16-Week Placebo-Controlled Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Insulin than in Patients Treated with Placebo + Insulin
	% of Patients
	Placebo + Insulin N=187	Pioglitazone Tablets 15 mg + Insulin N=191	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Insulin N=188
Hypoglycemia	4.8	7.9	15.4
Edema	7.0	12.6	17.6
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection	9.6	8.4	14.9
Headache	3.2	3.1	6.9
Weight Increased	0.5	5.2	6.4
Back Pain	4.3	2.1	5.3
Dizziness	3.7	2.6	5.3
Flatulence	1.6	3.7	5.3
	24-Week Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients and More Commonly in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets 45 mg + Insulin than in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Insulin
	% of Patients
	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Insulin N=345		Pioglitazone Tablets 45 mg + Insulin N=345
Hypoglycemia	43.5		47.8
Edema	22.0		26.1
Weight Increased	7.2		13.9
Urinary Tract Infection	4.9		8.7
Diarrhea	5.5		5.8
Back Pain	3.8		6.4
Blood Creatine Phosphokinase Increased	4.6		5.5
Sinusitis	4.6		5.5
Hypertension	4.1		5.5
Note: The preferred terms of edema peripheral, generalized edema, pitting edema and fluid retention were combined to form the aggregate term of "edema."

A summary of the overall incidence and types of common adverse events reported in the PROactive trial is provided in Table 5. Terms that are reported represent those that occurred at an incidence of >5% and more commonly in patients treated with pioglitazone tablets than in patients who received placebo.

Table 5. PROactive Trial: Incidence and Types of Adverse Events Reported in >5% of Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets and More Commonly than Placebo
	% of Patients
	Placebo N=2633	Pioglitazone Tablets N=2605
Hypoglycemia	18.8	27.3
Edema	15.3	26.7
Cardiac Failure	6.1	8.1
Pain in Extremity	5.7	6.4
Back Pain	5.1	5.5
Chest Pain	5.0	5.1
Mean duration of patient follow-up was 34.5 months.

Congestive Heart Failure

A summary of the incidence of adverse events related to congestive heart failure is provided in Table 6 for the 16- to 24-week add-on to sulfonylurea trials, for the 16- to 24-week add-on to insulin trials, and for the 16- to 24-week add-on to metformin trials. None of the events were fatal.

Table 6. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets or Placebo Added on to a Sulfonylurea
	Number (%) of Patients
	Placebo-Controlled Trial (16 weeks)			Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial (24 weeks)
	Placebo + Sulfonylurea N=187	Pioglitazone Tablets 15 mg + Sulfonylurea N=184	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Sulfonylurea N=189	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Sulfonylurea N=351	Pioglitazone Tablets 45 mg + Sulfonylurea N=351
At least one congestive heart failure event	2 (1.1%)	0	0	1 (0.3%)	6 (1.7%)
Hospitalized	2 (1.1%)	0	0	0	2 (0.6%)
Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets or Placebo Added on to Insulin
	Number (%) of Patients
	Placebo-Controlled Trial (16 weeks)			Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial (24 weeks)
	Placebo + Insulin N=187	Pioglitazone Tablets 15 mg + Insulin N=191	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Insulin N=188	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Insulin N=345	Pioglitazone Tablets 45 mg + Insulin N=345
At least one congestive heart failure event	0	2 (1.0%)	2 (1.1%)	3 (0.9%)	5 (1.4%)
Hospitalized	0	2 (1.0%)	1 (0.5%)	1 (0.3%)	3 (0.9%)
Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets or Placebo Added on to Metformin
	Number (%) of Patients
	Placebo-Controlled Trial (16 weeks)			Non-Controlled Double-Blind Trial (24 weeks)
	Placebo + Metformin N=160	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Metformin N=168		Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg + Metformin N=411	Pioglitazone Tablets 45 mg + Metformin N=416
At least one congestive heart failure event	0	1 (0.6%)		0	1 (0.2%)
Hospitalized	0	1 (0.6%)		0	1 (0.2%)

Patients with type 2 diabetes and NYHA class II or early class III congestive heart failure were randomized to receive 24 weeks of double-blind treatment with either pioglitazone tablets at daily doses of 30 mg to 45 mg (n=262) or glyburide at daily doses of 10 mg to 15 mg (n=256). A summary of the incidence of adverse events related to congestive heart failure reported in this study is provided in Table 7.

Table 7. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in Patients with NYHA Class II or III Congestive Heart Failure Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets or Glyburide
	Number (%) of Subjects
	Pioglitazone Tablets N=262	Glyburide N=256
Death due to cardiovascular causes (adjudicated)	5 (1.9%)	6 (2.3%)
Overnight hospitalization for worsening CHF (adjudicated)	26 (9.9%)	12 (4.7%)
Emergency room visit for CHF (adjudicated)	4 (1.5%)	3 (1.2%)
Patients experiencing CHF progression during study	35 (13.4%)	21 (8.2%)

Congestive heart failure events leading to hospitalization that occurred during the PROactive trial are summarized in Table 8.

Table 8. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in PROactive Trial
	Number (%) of Patients
	Placebo N=2633	Pioglitazone Tablets N=2605
At least one hospitalized congestive heart failure event	108 (4.1%)	149 (5.7%)
Fatal	22 (0.8%)	25 (1.0%)
Hospitalized, nonfatal	86 (3.3%)	124 (4.7%)

Cardiovascular Safety

In the PROactive trial, 5238 patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of macrovascular disease were randomized to pioglitazone tablets (N=2605), force-titrated up to 45 mg daily or placebo (N=2633) in addition to standard of care. Almost all patients (95%) were receiving cardiovascular medications (beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, diuretics, aspirin, statins and fibrates). At baseline, patients had a mean age of 62 years, mean duration of diabetes of 9.5 years, and mean HbA1c of 8.1%. Mean duration of follow-up was 34.5 months.

The primary objective of this trial was to examine the effect of pioglitazone tablets on mortality and macrovascular morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were at high risk for macrovascular events. The primary efficacy variable was the time to the first occurrence of any event in a cardiovascular composite endpoint that included all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) including silent MI, stroke, acute coronary syndrome, cardiac intervention including coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous intervention, major leg amputation above the ankle, and bypass surgery or revascularization in the leg. A total of 514 (19.7%) patients treated with pioglitazone tablets and 572 (21.7%) placebo-treated patients experienced at least one event from the primary composite endpoint (hazard ratio 0.90; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.80, 1.02; p=0.10).

Although there was no statistically significant difference between pioglitazone tablets and placebo for the three-year incidence of a first event within this composite, there was no increase in mortality or in total macrovascular events with pioglitazone tablets. The number of first occurrences and total individual events contributing to the primary composite endpoint is shown in Table 9.

Table 9. PROactive: Number of First and Total Events for Each Component within the Cardiovascular Composite Endpoint
Cardiovascular Events	Placebo N=2633		Pioglitazone Tablets N=2605
	First Events n (%)	Total Events n	First Events n (%)	Total Events n
Any event	572 (21.7)	900	514 (19.7)	803
  All-cause mortality	122 (4.6)	186	110 (4.2)	177
  Nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI)	118 (4.5)	157	105 (4.0)	131
  Stroke	96 (3.6)	119	76 (2.9)	92
  Acute coronary syndrome	63 (2.4)	78	42 (1.6)	65
  Cardiac intervention (CABG/PCI)	101 (3.8)	240	101 (3.9)	195
  Major leg amputation	15 (0.6)	28	9 (0.3)	28
  Leg revascularization	57 (2.2)	92	71 (2.7)	115
CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI = percutaneous intervention

Weight Gain

Dose-related weight gain occurs when pioglitazone tablets are used alone or in combination with other antidiabetic medications. The mechanism of weight gain is unclear but probably involves a combination of fluid retention and fat accumulation.

Tables 10 and 11 summarize the changes in body weight with pioglitazone tablets and placebo in the 16- to 26-week randomized, double-blind monotherapy and 16- to 24-week combination add-on therapy trials and in the PROactive trial.

Table 10. Weight Changes (kg) from Baseline During Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trials
		Control Group (Placebo)	Pioglitazone Tablets 15 mg	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg	Pioglitazone Tablets 45 mg
		Median (25th/75th percentile)	Median (25th/75th percentile)	Median (25th/75th percentile)	Median (25th/75th percentile)
Monotherapy (16 to 26 weeks)		-1.4 (-2.7/0.0)N=256	0.9 (-0.5/3.4)N=79	1.0 (-0.9/3.4)N=188	2.6 (0.2/5.4)N=79
Combination Therapy (16 to 24 weeks)	Sulfonylurea	-0.5 (-1.8/0.7)N=187	2.0 (0.2/3.2)N=183	3.1 (1.1/5.4)N=528	4.1 (1.8/7.3)N=333
	Metformin	-1.4 (-3.2/0.3)N=160	N/A	0.9 (-1.3/3.2)N=567	1.8 (-0.9/5.0)N=407
	Insulin	0.2 (-1.4/1.4)N=182	2.3 (0.5/4.3)N=190	3.3 (0.9/6.3)N=522	4.1 (1.4/6.8)N=338

Table 11. Median Change in Body Weight in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets Versus Patients Treated with Placebo During the Double-Blind Treatment Period in the PROactive Trial
	Placebo	Pioglitazone Tablets
	Median (25th/75th percentile)	Median (25th/75th percentile)
Change from baseline to final visit (kg)	-0.5 (-3.3, 2.0)N=2581	+3.6 (0.0, 7.5)N=2560
Note: Median exposure for both pioglitazone tablets and Placebo was 2.7 years.

Edema

Edema induced from taking pioglitazone tablets is reversible when pioglitazone tablets are discontinued. The edema usually does not require hospitalization unless there is coexisting congestive heart failure. A summary of the frequency and types of edema adverse events occurring in clinical investigations of pioglitazone tablets is provided in Table 12.

Table 12. Adverse Events of Edema in Patients Treated with Pioglitazone Tablets
		Number (%) of Patients
		Placebo	Pioglitazone Tablets 15 mg	Pioglitazone Tablets 30 mg	Pioglitazone Tablets 45 mg
Monotherapy (16 to 26 weeks)		3 (1.2%)N=259	2 (2.5%)N= 81	13 (4.7%)N= 275	11 (6.5%)N=169
Combined Therapy (16 to 24 weeks)	Sulfonylurea	4 (2.1%)N=187	3 (1.6%)N=184	61 (11.3%)N=540	81 (23.1%)N=351
	Metformin	4 (2.5%)N=160	N/A	34 (5.9%)N=579	58 (13.9%)N=416
	Insulin	13 (7.0%)N=187	24 (12.6%)N=191	109 (20.5%)N=533	90 (26.1%)N=345
Note: The preferred terms of edema peripheral, generalized edema, pitting edema and fluid retention were combined to form the aggregate term of "edema."

Table 13. Adverse Events of Edema in Patients in the PROactive Trial
Number (%) of Patients
Placebo N=2633	Pioglitazone Tablets N=2605
419 (15.9%)	712 (27.3%)
Note: The preferred terms of edema peripheral, generalized edema, pitting edema and fluid retention were combined to form the aggregate term of "edema."

Hepatic Effects

There has been no evidence of induced hepatotoxicity with pioglitazone tablets in the pioglitazone tablets controlled clinical trial database to date. One randomized, double-blind 3-year trial comparing pioglitazone tablets to glyburide as add-on to metformin and insulin therapy was specifically designed to evaluate the incidence of serum ALT elevation to greater than three times the upper limit of the reference range, measured every eight weeks for the first 48 weeks of the trial then every 12 weeks thereafter. A total of 3/1051 (0.3%) patients treated with pioglitazone tablets and 9/1046 (0.9%) patients treated with glyburide developed ALT values greater than three times the upper limit of the reference range. None of the patients treated with pioglitazone tablets in the pioglitazone tablets controlled clinical trial database to date have had a serum ALT greater than three times the upper limit of the reference range and a corresponding total bilirubin greater than two times the upper limit of the reference range, a combination predictive of the potential for severe drug-induced liver injury.

Hypoglycemia

In the pioglitazone tablets clinical trials, adverse events of hypoglycemia were reported based on clinical judgment of the investigators and did not require confirmation with fingerstick glucose testing.

In the 16-week add-on to sulfonylurea trial, the incidence of reported hypoglycemia was 3.7% with pioglitazone tablets 30 mg and 0.5% with placebo. In the 16-week add-on to insulin trial, the incidence of reported hypoglycemia was 7.9% with pioglitazone tablets 15 mg, 15.4% with pioglitazone tablets 30 mg, and 4.8% with placebo.

The incidence of reported hypoglycemia was higher with pioglitazone tablets 45 mg compared to pioglitazone tablets 30 mg in both the 24-week add-on to sulfonylurea trial (15.7% vs. 13.4%) and in the 24-week add-on to insulin trial (47.8% vs. 43.5%).

Three patients in these four trials were hospitalized due to hypoglycemia. All three patients were receiving pioglitazone tablets 30 mg (0.9%) in the 24-week add-on to insulin trial. An additional 14 patients reported severe hypoglycemia (defined as causing considerable interference with patient's usual activities) that did not require hospitalization. These patients were receiving pioglitazone tablets 45 mg in combination with sulfonylurea (n=2) or pioglitazone tablets 30 mg or 45 mg in combination with insulin (n=12).

Urinary Bladder Tumors

Tumors were observed in the urinary bladder of male rats in the two-year carcinogenicity study [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)]. In two 3-year trials in which pioglitazone tablets was compared to placebo or glyburide, there were 16/3656 (0.44%) reports of bladder cancer in patients taking pioglitazone tablets compared to 5/3679 (0.14%) in patients not taking pioglitazone tablets. After excluding patients in whom exposure to study drug was less than one year at the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer, there were six (0.16%) cases on pioglitazone tablets and two (0.05%) cases on placebo. There are too few events of bladder cancer to establish causality.

6.2 Laboratory Abnormalities

Hematologic Effects

Pioglitazone tablets may cause decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit. In placebo-controlled monotherapy trials, mean hemoglobin values declined by 2% to 4% in patients treated with pioglitazone tablets compared with a mean change in hemoglobin of -1% to +1% in placebo-treated patients. These changes primarily occurred within the first 4 to 12 weeks of therapy and remained relatively constant thereafter. These changes may be related to increased plasma volume associated with pioglitazone tablets therapy and are not likely to be associated with any clinically significant hematologic effects.

Creatine Phosphokinase

During protocol-specified measurement of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in pioglitazone tablets clinical trials, an isolated elevation in CPK to greater than 10 times the upper limit of the reference range was noted in nine (0.2%) patients treated with pioglitazone tablets (values of 2150 to 11400 IU/L) and in no comparator-treated patients. Six of these nine patients continued to receive pioglitazone tablets, two patients were noted to have the CPK elevation on the last day of dosing and one patient discontinued pioglitazone tablets due to the elevation. These elevations resolved without any apparent clinical sequelae. The relationship of these events to pioglitazone tablets therapy is unknown.

6.3 Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of pioglitazone tablets. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is generally not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

• •New onset or worsening diabetic macular edema with decreased visual acuity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
• •Fatal and nonfatal hepatic failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

Postmarketing reports of congestive heart failure have been reported in patients treated with pioglitazone tablets, both with and without previously known heart disease and both with and without concomitant insulin administration.

In postmarketing experience, there have been reports of unusually rapid increases in weight and increases in excess of that generally observed in clinical trials. Patients who experience such increases should be assessed for fluid accumulation and volume-related events such as excessive edema and congestive heart failure [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].