Topiramate (topiramate 50 mg) Dailymed
Generic: topiramate
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topiramate 50 mg - ig 279 round yellow
topiramate 25 mg - ig 278 round white
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Description
Topiramate is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide. Topiramate Tablets are available as 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg round tablets for oral administration. Topiramate USP is a white crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Topiramate USP is most soluble in alkaline solutions containing sodium hydroxide or sodium phosphate and having a pH of 9 to 10. It is freely soluble in acetone, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, and ethanol. The solubility in water is 9.8 mg/mL. Its saturated solution has a pH of 6.3. Topiramate USP has the molecular formula C12H21NO8S and a molecular weight of 339.37. Topiramate USP is designated chemically as 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-sulfamate and has the following structural formula: Topiramate tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, lactose monohydrate, sodium starch glycolate, magnesium stearate, opadry white (titanium dioxide, hypromellose 3cp, hypromellose 6cp, PEG 400, polysorbate 80) for 25 mg tablets, opadry yellow (titanium dioxide, hypromellose 3cp, hypromellose 6cp, PEG 400, polysorbate 80, iron oxide yellow) for 50 mg tablets, opadry yellow (hypromellose 3cp, hypromellose 6cp titanium dioxide, PEG 400, iron oxide yellow, polysorbate 80, iron oxide red) for 100 mg tablets and), opadry pink (titanium dioxide, hypromellose 6cp, PEG 400, iron oxide red) for 200 mg tablets.
Clinical Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action:
Pharmacodynamics: Topiramate has anticonvulsant activity in rat and mouse maximal electroshock seizure (MES) tests. Topiramate is only weakly effective in blocking clonic seizures induced by the GABAA receptor antagonist, pentylenetetrazole. Topiramate is also effective in rodent models of epilepsy, which include tonic and absence-like seizures in the spontaneous epileptic rat (SER) and tonic and clonic seizures induced in rats by kindling of the amygdala or by global ischemia.
Pharmacokinetics: The sprinkle formulation is bioequivalent to the immediate release tablet formulation and, therefore, may be substituted as a therapeutic equivalent. Absorption of topiramate is rapid, with peak plasma concentrations occurring at approximately 2 hours following a 400 mg oral dose. The relative bioavailability of topiramate from the tablet formulation is about 80% compared to a solution. The bioavailability of topiramate is not affected by food. The pharmacokinetics of topiramate are linear with dose proportional increases in plasma concentration over the dose range studied (200 to 800 mg/day). The mean plasma elimination half-life is 21 hours after single or multiple doses. Steady state is thus reached in about 4 days in patients with normal renal function. Topiramate is 15 to 41% bound to human plasma proteins over the blood concentration range of 0.5 to 250 mcg/mL. The fraction bound decreased as blood concentration increased. Carbamazepine and phenytoin do not alter the binding of topiramate. Sodium valproate, at 500 mcg /mL (a concentration 5 to10 times higher than considered therapeutic for valproate) decreased the protein binding of topiramate from 23% to 13%. Topiramate does not influence the binding of sodium valproate.
Metabolism and Excretion: Topiramate is not extensively metabolized and is primarily eliminated unchanged in the urine (approximately 70% of an administered dose). Six metabolites have been identified in humans, none of which constitutes more than 5% of an administered dose. The metabolites are formed via hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation. There is evidence of renal tubular reabsorption of topiramate. In rats, given probenecid to inhibit tubular reabsorption, along with topiramate, a significant increase in renal clearance of topiramate was observed. This interaction has not been evaluated in humans. Overall, oral plasma clearance (CL/F) is approximately 20 to 30 mL/min in humans following oral administration.
Pharmacokinetic Interactions (see also Drug Interactions):
Antiepileptic Drugs Potential interactions between topiramate and standard AEDs were assessed in controlled clinical pharmacokinetic studies in patients with epilepsy. The effect of these interactions on mean plasma AUCs are summarized under
PRECAUTIONS
Table 3
).
Special Populations: Renal Impairment:
The clearance of topiramate was reduced by 42% in moderately renally impaired (creatinine clearance 30 to 69 mL/min/1.73m2) and by 54% in severely renally impaired subjects (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min/1.73m2) compared to normal renal function subjects (creatinine clearance >70 mL/min/1.73m2). Since topiramate is presumed to undergo significant tubular reabsorption, it is uncertain whether this experience can be generalized to all situations of renal impairment. It is conceivable that some forms of renal disease could differentially affect glomerular filtration rate and tubular reabsorption resulting in a clearance of topiramate not predicted by creatinine clearance. In general, however, use of one-half the usual starting and maintenance dose is recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (see
PRECAUTIONSAdjustment of Dose in Renal Failure
and
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
).
Hemodialysis:
Topiramate is cleared by hemodialysis. Using a high efficiency, counterflow, single pass-dialysate hemodialysis procedure, topiramate dialysis clearance was 120 mL/min with blood flow through the dialyzer at 400 mL/min. This high clearance (compared to 20 to 30 mL/min total oral clearance in healthy adults) will remove a clinically significant amount of topiramate from the patient over the hemodialysis treatment period. Therefore, a supplemental dose may be required (see
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
).
Hepatic Impairment:
In hepatically impaired subjects, the clearance of topiramate may be decreased; the mechanism underlying the decrease is not well understood.
Age, Gender, and Race:
The pharmacokinetics of topiramate in elderly subjects (65 to 85 years of age, N=16) were evaluated in a controlled clinical study. The elderly subject population had reduced renal function [creatinine clearance (-20%)] compared to young adults.Following a single oral 100 mg dose, maximum plasma concentration for elderly and young adults was achieved at approximately 1 to 2 hours. Reflecting the primary renal elimination of topiramate, topiramate plasma and renal clearance were reduced 21% and 19%, respectively, in elderly subjects, compared to young adults. Similarly, topiramate half-life was longer (13%) in the elderly. Reduced topiramate clearance resulted in slightly higher maximum plasma concentration (23%) and AUC (25%) in elderly subjects than observed in young adults. Topiramate clearance is decreased in the elderly only to the extent that renal function is reduced. As recommended for all patients, dosage adjustment may be indicated in the elderly patient when impaired renal function (creatinine clearance ratemL/min/1.73 m2) is evident. It may be useful to monitor renal function in the elderly patient (see
Special Populations:Renal Impairment
,
PRECAUTIONSAdjustment of Dose in Renal Failure
and
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
). Clearance of topiramate in adults was not affected by gender or race.
Pediatric Pharmacokinetics:
Pharmacokinetics of topiramate were evaluated in patients ages 4 to 17 years receiving one or two other antiepileptic drugs. Pharmacokinetic profiles were obtained after one week at doses of 1, 3, and 9 mg/kg/day. Clearance was independent of dose. Pediatric patients have a 50% higher clearance and consequently shorter elimination half-life than adults. Consequently, the plasma concentration for the same mg/kg dose may be lower in pediatric patients compared to adults. As in adults, hepatic enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs decrease the steady state plasma concentrations of topiramate.
Clinical Studies
The studies described in the following sections were conducted using topiramate tablets.
Epilepsy Monotherapy Controlled Trial
The effectiveness of topiramate as initial monotherapy in adults and children 10 years of age and older with partial onset or primary generalized seizures was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. The trial was conducted in 487 patients diagnosed with epilepsy (6 to 83 years of age) who had 1 or 2 well-documented seizures during the 3-month retrospective baseline phase who then entered the study and received topiramate 25 mg/day for 7 days in an open-label fashion. Forty-nine percent of subjects had no prior AED treatment and 17% had a diagnosis of epilepsy for greater than 24 months. Any AED therapy used for temporary or emergency purposes was discontinued prior to randomization. In the double-blind phase, 470 patients were randomized to titrate up to 50 mg/day or 400 mg/day. If the target dose could not be achieved, patients were maintained on the maximum tolerated dose. Fifty eight percent of patients achieved the maximal dose of 400 mg/day for Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Cumulative Rates for Time to First Seizure
Adjunctive Therapy Controlled Trials in Adult Patients With Partial Onset Seizures
The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for adults with partial onset seizures was established in six multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials, two comparing several dosages of topiramate and placebo and four comparing a single dosage with placebo, in patients with a history of partial onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures. Patients in these studies were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to Topiramate Tablets or placebo. In each study, patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during baseline phase lasting between 4 and 12 weeks. Patients who experienced a prespecified minimum number of partial onset seizures, with or without secondary generalization, during the baseline phase (12 seizures for 12-week baseline, 8 for 8-week baseline, or 3 for 4- week baseline) were randomly assigned to placebo or a specified dose of Topiramate Tablets in addition to their other AEDs. Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. In five of the six studies, patients received active drug beginning at 100 mg per day; the dose was then increased by 100 mg or 200 mg/day increments weekly or every other week until the assigned dose was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. In the sixth study (119), the 25 or 50 mg/day initial doses of topiramate were followed by respective weekly increments of 25 or 50 mg/day until the target dose of 200 mg/day was reached. After titration, patients entered a 4, 8, or 12-week stabilization period. The numbers of patients randomized to each dose, and the actual mean and median doses in the stabilization period are shown in Table 1.
Adjunctive Therapy Controlled Trial in Pediatric Patients Ages 2 to 16 Years With Partial Onset Seizures
The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for pediatric patients ages 2 to 16 years with partial onset seizures was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, comparing topiramate and placebo in patients with a history of partial onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures. Patients in this study were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to Topiramate Tablets or placebo. In this study, patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during an 8 week baseline phase.Patients who experienced at least six partial onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures, during the baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or Topiramate Tablets in addition to their other AEDs. Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. Patients received active drug beginning at 25 or 50 mg per day; the dose was then increased by 25 mg to 150 mg/day increments every other week until the assigned dosage of 125, 175, 225, or 400 mg/day based on patients' weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg per day was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. After titration, patients entered an 8-week stabilization period.
Adjunctive Therapy Controlled Trial in Patients With Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients 2 years old and older was established in a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, comparing a single dosage of topiramate and placebo. Patients in this study were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to Topiramate or placebo. Patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during an 8-week baseline phase. Patients who experienced at least three primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures during the baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or Topiramate in addition to their other AEDs. Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. Patients received active drug beginning at 50 mg per day for four weeks; the dose was then increased by 50 mg to 150 mg/day increments every other week until the assigned dose of 175, 225, or 400 mg/day based on patients' body weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg per day was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. After titration, patients entered a 12-week stabilization period.
Adjunctive Therapy Controlled Trial in Patients With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome was established in a multicenter, randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial comparing a single dosage of topiramate with placeboin patients 2 years of age and older. Patients in this study were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to Topiramate or placebo. Patients who were experiencing at least 60 seizures per month before study entry were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during a 4-week baseline phase. Following baseline, patients were randomly assigned to placebo or Topiramate in addition to their other AEDs. Active drug was titrated beginning at 1 mg/kg per day for a week; the dose was then increased to 3 mg/kg per day for one week then to 6 mg/kg per day. After titration, patients entered an 8-week stabilization period. The primary measures of effectiveness were the percent reduction in drop attacks and a parental global rating of seizure severity. Table 1: Topiramate Dose Summary During the Stabilization Periods of Each of Six Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Add-On Trials in Adults with Partial Onset Seizuresb Target Topiramate Dosage (mg/day)ProtocolStabilization DosePlaceboa2004006008001,000YDN Mean Dose Median Dose42 5.9 6.042 200 20040 390 40041 556 600- - -- - -YEN Mean Dose Median Dose44 9.7 10.0- - -- - -40 544 60045 739 80040 796 1,000Y1N Mean Dose Median Dose23 3.8 4.0- - -19 395 400- - -- - -- - -Y2N Mean Dose Median Dose30 5.7 6.0- - -- - -28 522 600- - -- - -Y3N Mean Dose Median Dose28 7.9 8.0- - -- - -- - -25 568 600- - -119N Mean Dose Median Dose90 8 8157 200 200- - -- - -- - -- - - b Dose-response studies were not conducted for other indications or pediatric partial onset seizures. In all add-on trials, the reduction in seizure rate from baseline during the entire double-blind phase was measured. The median percent reductions in seizure rates and the responder rates (fraction of patients with at least a 50% reduction) by treatment group for each study are shown below in Table 2. As described above, a global improvement in seizure severity was also assessed in the Lennox-Gastaut trial. Table 2: Efficacy Results in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Add-On Trials Target Topiramate Dosage (mg/day)Protocol Efficacy ResultsPlacebo2004006008001,000Partial Onset SeizuresStudies in AdultsYDN Median % Reduction % Responders45 11.6 1845 27.2a 2445 47.5b 44d46 44.7c 46d- - -- - -- - -YEN Median % Reduction % Responders47 1.7 9- - -- - -48 40.8c 40c48 41.0c 41c47 36.0c 36d- - -Y1N Median % Reduction % Responders24 1.1 8- - -23 40.7e 35d- - -- - -- - -- - -Y2N Median % Reduction % Responders30 -12.2 10- - -- - -30 46.4f 47c- - -- - -- - -Y3N Median % Reduction % Responders28 -20.6 0- - -- - -- - -28 24.3c 43c- - -- - -119N Median % Reduction % Responders91 20.0 24168 44.2c 45c- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -Studies in Pediatric PatientsYPN Median % Reduction % Responders45 10.5 20- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -41 33.1d 39Primary Generalized Tonic-ClonichYTCN Median % Reduction % Responders40 9.0 20- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -39 56.7d 56c h Median % reduction and % responders are reported for PGTC Seizures; j Percent of subjects who were minimally, much, or very much improved from baseline Subset analyses of the antiepileptic efficacy of Topiramate Tablets in these studies showed no differences as a function of gender, race, age, baseline seizure rate, or concomitant AED.
Indications & Usage
Monotherapy Epilepsy
Topiramate Tablets are indicated as initial monotherapy in patients 10 years of age and older with partial onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Effectiveness was demonstrated in a controlled trial in patients with epilepsy who had no more than 2 seizures in the 3 months prior to enrollment. Safety and effectiveness in patients who were converted to monotherapy from a previous regimen of other anticonvulsant drugs have not been established in controlled trials.
Adjunctive Therapy Epilepsy
Topiramate Tablets are indicated as adjunctive therapy for adults and pediatric patients ages 2 to 16 years with partial onset seizures, or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and in patients 2 years of age and older with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Contraindications
Topiramate is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to any component of this product.
Warnings
Metabolic Acidosis
Hyperchloremic, non-anion gap, metabolic acidosis (i.e., decreased serum bicarbonate below the normal reference range in the absence of chronic respiratory alkalosis) is associated with topiramate treatment. This metabolic acidosis is caused by renal bicarbonate loss due to the inhibitory effect of topiramate on carbonic anhydrase. Such electrolyte imbalance has been observed with the use of topiramate in placebo-controlled clinical trials and in the post-marketing period. Generally,topiramate-induced metabolic acidosis occurs early in treatment although cases can occur at any time during treatment. Bicarbonate decrements are usually mild moderate(average decrease of 4 mEq/L at daily doses of 400 mg in adults and at approximately 6 mg/kg/day in pediatric patients); rarely, patients can experience severe decrements to values below 10 mEq/L. Conditions or therapies that predispose to acidosis (such as renal disease, severe respiratory disorders, status epilepticus, diarrhea, surgery, ketogenic diet, or drugs) may be additive to the bicarbonate lowering effects of topiramate. In adults, the incidence of persistent treatment-emergent decreases in serum bicarbonate (levels of <20 mEq/L at two consecutive visits or at the final visit) in controlled clinical trials for adjunctive treatment of epilepsy was 32% for 400 mg/day, and 1% for placebo. Metabolic acidosis has been observed at doses as low as 50 mg/day. The incidence of persistent treatment-emergent decreases in serum bicarbonate in adults in the epilepsy controlled clinical trial for monotherapy was 15% for 50 mg/day and 25% for 400 mg/day. The incidence of a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value <17 mEq/L and >5 mEq/L decrease from pretreatment) in the adjunctive therapy trials was 3% for 400 mg/day,and 0% for placebo and in the monotherapy trial was 1% for 50 mg/day and 7% for 400 mg/day. Serum bicarbonate levels have not been systematically evaluated at daily doses greater than 400 mg/day. In pediatric patients (<16 years of age), the incidence of persistent treatment emergent decreases in serum bicarbonate in placebo-controlled trials for adjunctive treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or refractory partial onset seizures was 67% for topiramate (at approximately 6 mg/kg/day), and 10% for placebo. The incidence of a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value <17 mEq/L and >5 mEq/L decrease from pretreatment) in these trials was 11% for topiramate and 0% for placebo. Cases of moderately severe metabolic acidosis have been reported in patients as young as 5 months old, especially at daily doses above 5 mg/kg/day. In pediatric patients (10 years up to 16 years of age), the incidence of persistent treatment-emergent decreases in serum bicarbonate in the epilepsy controlled clinical trial for monotherapy was 7% for 50 mg/day and 20% for 400 mg/day. The incidence of a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value <17 mEq/L and >5 mEq/L decrease from pretreatment) in this trial was 4% for 50 mg/day and 4% for 400 mg/day. The incidence of a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value <17 mEq/L and >5 mEq/L decrease from pretreatment) in these trials was 11% for 200 mg/day, 9% for 100 mg/day, 2% for 50 mg/day, and <1% for placebo. Some manifestations of acute or chronic metabolic acidosis may include hyperventilation, nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue and anorexia, or more severe sequelae including cardiac arrhythmias or stupor. Chronic, untreated metabolic acidosis may increase the risk for nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis, and may also result in osteomalacia (referred to as rickets in pediatric patients) and/or osteoporosis with an increased risk for fractures. Chronic metabolic acidosis in pediatric patients may also reduce growth rates. A reduction in growth rate may eventually decrease the maximal height achieved. The effect of topiramate on growth and bone-related sequelae has not been systematically investigated. Measurement of baseline and periodic serum bicarbonate during topiramate treatment is recommended. If metabolic acidosis develops and persists, consideration should be given to reducing the dose or discontinuing topiramate (using dose tapering). If the decision is made to continue patients on topiramate in the face of persistent acidosis, alkali treatment should be considered.
Acute Myopia and Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma
A syndrome consisting of acute myopia associated with secondary angle closure glaucoma has been reported in patients receiving Topiramate. Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity and/or ocular pain. Ophthalmologic findings can include myopia, anterior chamber shallowing, ocular hyperemia (redness) and increased intraocular pressure. Mydriasis may or may not be present. This syndrome may be associated with supraciliary effusion resulting in anterior displacement of the lens and iris, with secondary angle closure glaucoma. Symptoms typically occur within 1 month of initiating Topiramate therapy. In contrast to primary narrow angle glaucoma, which is rare under 40 years of age, secondary angle closure glaucoma associated with topiramate has been reported in pediatric patients as well as adults. The primary treatment to reverse symptoms is discontinuation of Topiramate as rapidly as possible, according to the judgment of the treating physician. Other measures, in conjunction with discontinuation of Topiramate, may be helpful. Elevated intraocular pressure of any etiology, if left untreated, can lead to serious sequelae including permanent vision loss.
Oligohidrosis and Hyperthermia
Oligohidrosis (decreased sweating), infrequently resulting in hospitalization, has been reported in association with Topiramate use. Decreased sweating and an elevation in body temperature above normal characterized these cases. Some of the cases were reported after exposure to elevated environmental temperatures. The majority of the reports have been in children. Patients, especially pediatric patients, treated with Topiramate should be monitored closely for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in hot weather. Caution should be used when Topiramate is prescribed with other drugs that predispose patients to heat-related disorders; these drugs include, but are not limited to, other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and drugs with anticholinergic activity.
Withdrawal of AEDs
Antiepileptic drugs, including Topiramate should be withdrawn gradually to minimize the potential of increased seizure frequency.
Cognitive/Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events
Adults Adverse events most often associated with the use of Topiramate were related to the central nervous system and were observed in the epilepsy populations. In adults, the most frequent of these can be classified into three general categories: 1) Cognitive-related dysfunction (e.g. confusion, psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, speech or language problems, particularly word-finding difficulties); 2) Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (e.g. depression or mood problems); and 3) Somnolence or fatigue. Cognitive-Related Dysfunction The majority of cognitive-related adverse events were mild to moderate in severity,and they frequently occurred in isolation. Rapid titration rate and higher initial dose were associated with higher incidences of these events. Many of these events contributed to withdrawal from treatment [see
ADVERSE REACTIONS
,
Table 4
and
Table 6
]. In the original add-on epilepsy controlled trials (using rapid titration such as 100 to200 mg/day weekly increments), the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse events was 42% for 200 mg/day, 41% for 400 mg/day, 52% for 600 mg/day, 56% for 800 and 1000 mg/day, and 14% for placebo. These dose-related adverse reactions began with a similar frequency in the titration or in the maintenance phase, although in some patients the events began during titration and persisted into the maintenance phase. Some patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse events in the titration phase had a dose-related recurrence of these events in the maintenance phase. In the monotherapy epilepsy controlled trial, the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse events was 19% for Topiramate 50 mg/day and 26% for 400 mg/day. Psychiatric/Behavioral Disturbances Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (depression or mood problems) were dose-related for the epilepsy populations. Somnolence/Fatigue Somnolence and fatigue were the adverse events most frequently reported during clinical trials of Topiramate for adjunctive epilepsy. For the adjunctive epilepsy population, the incidence of somnolence did not differ substantially between 200 mg/day and 1000 mg/day, but the incidence of fatigue was dose-related and increased at dosages above 400 mg/day. For the monotherapy epilepsy population in the 50 mg/day and 400 mg/day groups, the incidence of somnolence was dose-related (9% for the 50 mg/day group and 15% for the 400 mg/day group) and the incidence of fatigue was comparable in both treatment groups (14% each). Additional nonspecific CNS events commonly observed with topiramate in the add-on epilepsy population include dizziness or ataxia. Pediatric Patients In double-blind adjunctive therapy and monotherapy epilepsy clinical studies, the incidences of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse events in pediatric patients were generally lower than observed in adults. These events included psychomotor slowing,difficulty with concentration/attention, speech disorders/related speech problems and language problems. The most frequently reported neuropsychiatric events in pediatric patients during adjunctive therapy double-blind studies were somnolence and fatigue. The most frequently reported neuropsychiatric events in pediatric patients in the 50 mg/day and 400 mg/day groups during the monotherapy double-blind study were headache, dizziness anorexia, and somnolence. No patients discontinued treatment due to any adverse events in the adjunctive epilepsy double-blind trials. In the monotherapy epilepsy double-blind trial, 1 pediatric patient (2%) in the 50 mg/day group and 7 pediatric patients (12%) in the 400 mg/day group discontinued treatment due to any adverse events. The most common adverse event associated with discontinuation of therapy was difficulty with concentration/attention; all occurred in the 400 mg/day group.
Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP)
During the course of premarketing development of Topiramate Tablets, 10 sudden and unexplained deaths were recorded among a cohort of treated patients (2,796 subject years of exposure). This represents an incidence of 0.0035 deaths per patient year. Although this rate exceeds that expected in a healthy population matched for age and sex, it is within the range of estimates for the incidence of sudden unexplained deaths in patients with epilepsy not receiving Topiramate (ranging from 0.0005 for the general population of patients with epilepsy, to 0.003 for a clinical trial population similar to that in the Topiramate program, to 0.005 for patients with refractory epilepsy).
Precautions
Hyperammonemia and Encephalopathy Associated with Concomitant Valproic Acid Use Concomitant administration of topiramate and valproic acid has been associated with hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy in patients who have tolerated either drug alone. Clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy often include acute alterations in level of consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy or vomiting. In most cases, symptoms and signs abated with discontinuation of either drug. This adverse event is not due to a pharmacokinetic interaction. It is not known if topiramate monotherapy is associated with hyperammonemia. Patients with inborn errors of metabolism or reduced hepatic mitochondrial activity may be at an increased risk for hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy.Although not studied, an interaction of topiramate and valproic acid may exacerbate existing defects or unmask deficiencies in susceptible persons. In patients who develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting, or changes in mental status, hyperammonemic encephalopathy should be considered and an ammonia level should be measured. Kidney Stones A total of 32/2,086 (1.5%) of adults exposed to topiramate during its adjunctive epilepsy therapy development reported the occurrence of kidney stones, an incidence about 2 to 4 times greater than expected in a similar, untreated population. In the double-blind monotherapy epilepsy study, a total of 4/319 (1.3%) of adults exposed to topiramate reported the occurrence of kidney stones. As in the general population, the incidence of stone formation among topiramate treated patients was higher in men. Kidney stones have also been reported in pediatric patients. An explanation for the association of Topiramate and kidney stones may lie in the fact that topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors,e.g., acetazolamide or dichlorphenamide, promote stone formation by reducing urinary citrate excretion and by increasing urinary pH. The concomitant use of Topiramate with other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors or potentially in patients on a ketogenic diet may create a physiological environment that increases the risk of kidney stone formation, and should therefore be avoided. Increased fluid intake increases the urinary output, lowering the concentration of substances involved in stone formation. Hydration is recommended to reduce new stone formation. Paresthesia Paresthesia (usually tingling of the extremities), an effect associated with the use of other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, appears to be a common effect of Topiramate. Paresthesia was more frequently reported in the monotherapy epilepsy trials versus the adjunctive therapy epilepsy trials. In the majority of instances, paresthesia did not lead to treatment discontinuation. Adjustment of Dose in Renal Failure The major route of elimination of unchanged topiramate and its metabolites is via the kidney. Dosage adjustment may be required in patients with reduced renal function (see
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
). Decreased Hepatic Function In hepatically impaired patients, topiramate should be administered with caution as the clearance of topiramate may be decreased.
Information For Patients
Patients taking Topiramate should be told to seek immediate medical attention if they experience blurred vision or periorbital pain. Patients, especially pediatric patients, treated with Topiramate should be monitored closely for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature,especially in hot weather. Patients, particularly those with predisposing factors, should be instructed to maintain an adequate fluid intake in order to minimize the risk of renal stone formation [see
PRECAUTIONS:Kidney Stones
, for support regarding hydration as a preventative measure]. Patients should be warned about the potential for somnolence, dizziness, confusion, and difficulty concentrating and advised not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on topiramate to gauge whether it adversely affects their mental and/or motor performance. Additional food intake may be considered if the patient is losing weight while on this medication.
Laboratory Tests
Measurement of baseline and periodic serum bicarbonate during topiramate treatment is recommended (see
WARNINGS
).
Drug Interactions
In vitro studies indicate that topiramate does not inhibit enzyme activity for CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4/5 isozymes.
Antiepileptic Drugs
Potential interactions between topiramate and standard AEDs were assessed in controlled clinical pharmacokinetic studies in patients with epilepsy. The effects of these interactions on mean plasma AUCs are summarized in
Table 3
. In Table 3, the second column (AED concentration) describes what happens to the concentration of the AED uled in the first column when topiramate is added. The third column (topiramate concentration) describes how the coadministration of a drug uled in the first column modifies the concentration of topiramate in experimental settings when Topiramate was given alone. Table 3: Summary of AED Interactions with Topiramate a = Plasma concentration increased 25% in some patients, generally those on a b.i.d. dosing regimen of phenytoin. b = Is not administered but is an active metabolite of carbamazepine. NC = Less than 10% change in plasma concentration. AED = Antiepileptic drug. NE = Not Evaluated. TPM - TopiramateAEDAEDTopiramateCo-administeredConcentrationConcentrationPhenytoinNC or 25% increasea48% decreaseCarbamazepine (CBZ)NC40% decreaseCBZ epoxidebNCNEValproic acid11% decrease4% decreasePhenobarbitalNCNEPrimidoneNCNELamotrigineNC at TPM doses up to 400 mg/day15% increaseIn addition to the pharmacokinetic interaction described in the above table, concomitant administration of valproic acid and topiramate has been associated with hyperammonemia with and without encephalopathy (see
PRECAUTIONS
, Hyperammonemia and Encephalopathy Associated with Concomitant Valproic Acid Use).
Other Drug Interactions
Digoxin: In a single-dose study, serum digoxin AUC was decreased by 12% with concomitant Topiramate administration. The clinical relevance of this observation has not been established. p>
CNS Depressants:
Concomitant administration of Topiramate and alcohol or other CNS depressant drugs has not been evaluated in clinical studies. Because of the potential of topiramate to cause CNS depression, as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse events, topiramate should be used with extreme caution if used in combination with alcohol and other CNS depressants.
Oral Contraceptives:
In a pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy volunteers with a concomitantly administered combination oral contraceptive product containing 1 mg norethindrone (NET) plus 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE), Topiramate given in the absence of other medications at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day was not associated with statistically significant changes in mean exposure (AUC) to either component of the oral contraceptive. In another study, exposure to EE was statistically significantly decreased at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/day (18%, 21%, and 30%, respectively) when given as adjunctive therapy in patients taking valproic acid. In both studies, Topiramate (50 mg/day to 800 mg/day) did not significantly affect exposure to NET. Although there was a dose dependent decrease in EE exposure for doses between 200 to 800 mg/day, there was no significant dose dependent change in EE exposure for doses of 50 to 200 mg/day. The clinical significance of the changes observed is not known. The possibility of decreased contraceptive efficacy and increased breakthrough bleeding should be considered in patients taking combination oral contraceptive products with Topiramate. Patients taking estrogen containing contraceptives should be asked to report any change in their bleeding patterns. Contraceptive efficacy can be decreased even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding.
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ):
A drug-drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ (25 mg q24h) and topiramate (96 mg q12h) when administered alone and concomitantly. The results of this study indicate that topiramate Cmax increased by 27% and AUC increased by 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require an adjustment of the topiramate dose. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not significantly influenced by the concomitant administration of topiramate. Clinical laboratory results indicated decreases in serum potassium after topiramate or HCTZ administration, which were greater when HCTZ and topiramate were administered in combination.
Pioglitazone:
A drug-drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate and pioglitazone when administered alone and concomitantly. A 15% decrease in the AUCof pioglitazone with no alteration in Cmax,ss was observed. This finding was not statistically significant. In addition, a 13% and 16% decrease in Cmax,ss and AUCrespectively, of the active hydroxy-metabolite was noted as well as a 60% decrease in Cmax,ss and AUCof the active keto-metabolite. The clinical significance of these findings is not known. When Topiramate is added to pioglitazone therapy or pioglitazone is added to Topiramate therapy, careful attention should be given to the routine monitoring of patients for adequate control of their diabetic disease state.
Lithium:
Haloperidol:
The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of haloperidol (5 mg) were not affected following multiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hr) in 13 healthy adults (6 M, 7 F).
Amitriptyline:
Sumatriptan:
Multiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hrs) in 24 healthy volunteers (14 M, 10 F) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of single dose sumatriptan either orally (100 mg) or subcutaneously (6 mg).
Risperidone:
There was a 25% decrease in exposure to risperidone (2 mg single dose) in 12 healthy volunteers (6 M, 6 F) receiving 200 mg/day of topiramate.Therefore, patients receiving risperidone in combination with topiramate should be closely monitored for clinical response.
Propranolol:
Multiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg/day) in 34 healthy volunteers (17 M, 17 F) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of propranolol following daily 160 mg doses. Propranolol doses of 160 mg/day in 39 volunteers (27M, 12F) had no effect on the exposure to topiramate at a dose of 200 mg/day of topiramate.
Dihydroergotamine:
Multiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg/day) in 24 healthy volunteers (12 M, 12 F) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of a 1 mg subcutaneous dose of dihydroergotamine. Similarly, a 1 mg subcutaneous dose of dihydroergotamine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of a 200 mg/day dose of topiramate in the same study.
Others:
Concomitant use of Topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, e.g., acetazolamide or dichlorphenamide, may create a physiological environment that increases the risk of renal stone formation, and should therefore be avoided.
Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
There are no known interactions of topiramate with commonly used laboratory tests.
Carcinogenesis & Mutagenesis & Impairment Of Fertility
An increase in urinary bladder tumors was observed in mice given topiramate (20, 75, and 300 mg/kg) in the diet for 21 months. The elevated bladder tumor incidence, which was statistically significant in males and females receiving 300 mg/kg, was primarily due to the increased occurrence of a smooth muscle tumor considered histomorphologically unique to mice. Plasma exposures in mice receiving 300 mg/kg were approximately 0.5 to 1 times steady-state exposures measured in patients receiving topiramate monotherapy at the recommended human dose (RHD) of 400 mg, and 1.5 to 2 times steady- state topiramate exposures in patients receiving 400 mg of topiramate plus phenytoin. The relevance of this finding to human carcinogenic risk is uncertain. No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in rats following oral administration of topiramate for 2 years at doses up to 120 mg/kg (approximately 3 times the RHD on a mg/m2 basis). Topiramate did not demonstrate genotoxic potential when tested in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. Topiramate was not mutagenic in the Ames test or the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay; it did not increase unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes in vitro; and it did not increase chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro or in rat bone marrow in vivo. No adverse effects on male or female fertility were observed in rats at doses up to 100 mg/kg (2.5 times the RHD on a mg/m2 basis).
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category C.
Topiramate has demonstrated selective developmental toxicity, including teratogenicity, in experimental animal studies. When oral doses of 20, 100, or 500 mg/kg were administered to pregnant mice during the period of organogenesis, the incidence of fetal malformations (primarily craniofacial defects) was increased at all doses. The low dose is approximately 0.2 times the recommended human dose (RHD=400 mg/day) on a mg/m2 basis. Fetal body weights and skeletal ossification were reduced at 500 mg/kg in conjunction with decreased maternal body weight gain. In rat studies (oral doses of 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg or 0.2, 2.5, 30 and 400 mg/kg), the frequency of limb malformations (ectrodactyly, micromelia, and amelia) was increased among the offspring of dams treated with 400 mg/kg (10 times the RHD on a mg/m2 basis) or greater during the organogenesis period of pregnancy. Embryotoxicity (reduced fetal body weights, increased incidence of structural variations) was observed at doses as low as 20 mg/kg (0.5 times the RHD on a mg/m2 basis). Clinical signs of maternal toxicity were seen at 400 mg/kg and above, and maternal body weight gain was reduced during treatment with 100 mg/kg or greater. In rabbit studies (20, 60, and 180 mg/kg or 10, 35, and 120 mg/kg orally during organogenesis), embryo/fetal mortality was increased at 35 mg/kg (2 times the RHD on a mg/m2 basis) or greater, and teratogenic effects (primarily rib and vertebral malformations) were observed at 120 mg/kg (6 times the RHD on a mg/m2 basis). Evidence of maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain, clinical signs, and/or mortality) was seen at 35 mg/kg and above. When female rats were treated during the latter part of gestation and throughout lactation (0.2, 4, 20, and 100 mg/kg or 2, 20, and 200 mg/kg), offspring exhibited decreased viability and delayed physical development at 200 mg/kg (5 times the RHD on a mg/m2 basis) and reductions in pre- and/or postweaning body weight gain at 2 mg/kg (0.05 times the RHD on a mg/m2 basis) and above. Maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain, clinical signs) was evident at 100 mg/kg or greater. In a rat embryo/fetal development study with a postnatal component (0.2, 2.5, 30 or 400 mg/kg during organogenesis; noted above), pups exhibited delayed physical development at 400 mg/kg (10 times the RHD on a mg/m2 basis) and persistent reductions in body weight gain at 30 mg/kg (1 times the RHD on a mg/m2 basis) and higher. There are no studies using Topiramate in pregnant women. Topiramate should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the fetus. In post-marketing experience, cases of hypospadias have been reported in male infants exposed in utero to topiramate, with or without other anticonvulsants; however, a causal relationship with topiramate has not been established.
Labor & Delivery
In studies of rats where dams were allowed to deliver pups naturally, no drug-related effects on gestation length or parturition were observed at dosage levels up to 200 mg/kg/day. The effect of Topiramate on labor and delivery in humans is unknown.
Nursing Mothers
Topiramate is excreted in the milk of lactating rats. The excretion of topiramate in human milk has not been evaluated in controlled studies. Limited observations in patients suggest an extensive secretion of topiramate into breast milk. Since many drugs are excreted in human milk, and because the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants to Topiramate is unknown, the potential benefit to the mother should be weighed against the potential risk to the infant when considering recommendations regarding nursing.
Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in patients below the age of 2 years have not been established for the adjunctive therapy treatment of partial onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Safety and effectiveness in patients below the age of 10 years have not been established for the monotherapy treatment of epilepsy. Topiramate is associated with metabolic acidosis. Chronic untreated metabolic acidosis in pediatric patients may cause osteomalacia/rickets and may reduce growth rates. A reduction in growth rate may eventually decrease the maximal height achieved. The effect of topiramate on growth and bone-related sequelae has not been systematically investigated (see
WARNINGS
).
Geriatric Use
In clinical trials, 3% of patients were over 60. No age related difference in effectiveness or adverse effects were evident. However, clinical studies of topiramate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Dosage adjustment may be necessary for elderly with impaired renal function (creatinine clearance ratemL/min/1.73 m2) due to reduced clearance of topiramate (see
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
and
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
).
Race and Gender Effects:
Evaluation of effectiveness and safety in clinical trials has shown no race or gender related effects.
Adverse Reactions
The data described in the following section were obtained using Topiramate Tablets.
Monotherapy Epilepsy
The adverse events in the controlled trial that occurred most commonly in adults in the 400 mg/day group and at a rate higher than the 50 mg/day group were: paresthesia, weight decrease, somnolence, anorexia, dizziness, and difficulty with memory NOS [see
Table 4
]. The adverse events in the controlled trial that occurred most commonly in children (10 years up to 16 years of age) in the 400 mg/day group and at a rate higher than the 50 mg/day group were: weight decrease, upper respiratory tract infection, paresthesia, anorexia, diarrhea, and mood problems [see
Table 5
]. Approximately 21% of the 159 adult patients in the 400 mg/day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in the controlled clinical trial discontinued therapy due to adverse events. Adverse events associated with discontinuing therapy (included depression, insomnia, difficulty with memory (NOS), somnolence, paresthesia, psychomotor slowing, dizziness, and nausea. Approximately 12% of the 57 pediatric patients in the 400 mg/day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in the controlled clinical trial discontinued therapy due to adverse events. Adverse events associated with discontinuing therapy (included difficulty with concentration/attention. The prescriber should be aware that these data cannot be used to predict the frequency of adverse events in the course of usual medical practice where patient characteristics and other factors may differ from those prevailing during the clinical study. Similarly, the cited frequencies cannot be directly compared with data obtained from other clinical investigations involving different treatments, uses, or investigators. Inspection of these frequencies, however, does provide the prescribing physician with a basis to estimate the relative contribution of drug and non-drug factors to the adverse event incidences in the population studied. Table 4: Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events in the Monotherapy Epilepsy Trial in Adultsa Where Rate Was at Least 2% in the 400 mg/day Topiramate Group and Greater Than the Rate in the 50 mg/day Topiramate Group a Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse event. Patients may have reported more than one adverse event during the study and can be included in more than one adverse event categoryBody System/ Adverse EventTopiramate Dosage (mg/day)50 (N=160)400 (N=159)Body as a Whole- General DisordersAsthenia Leg Pain Chest Pain4 2 16 3 2Central & Peripheral Nervous system Disorders Paresthesia Dizziness Hypoaesthesia Ataxia Hypertonia21 13 4 3 040 14 5 4 3Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders Diarrhea Constipation Gastritis Dry Mouth Gastroesophageal Reflux5 1 0 1 16 4 3 3 2Liver and Biliary System Disorders Gamma-GT Increased13Metabolic and nutritional Disorders Weight Decrease616Psychiatric Disorders Somnolence Anorexia Difficulty with Memory NOS Insomnia Depression Difficulty with Concentration/Attention Anxiety Psychomotor Slowing Mood Problems Confusion Cognitive Problem NOS Libido Decreased9 4 5 8 7 7 4 3 2 3 1 015 14 10 9 9 8 6 5 5 4 4 3Reproductive Disorders, female Vaginal Hemorrhage03Red Blood Cell disorders Anemia12 Table 5: Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events in the Monotherapy Epilepsy Trail in Children Ages 10 up to 16 Yearsa where Rate was at least 5% in the 400 mg/day Topiramate Group and Greater Than the Rate in the 50 mg/day Topiramate Group a Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse event. Patients may have reported more than one adverse event during the study and can be included in more than one adverse event categoryBody System/ Adverse EventTopiramate Dosage (mg/day)b50 (N=57)400 (N=57)Body as a Whole-General Disorders Fever09Central & Peripheral Nervous system Disorders Paresthesia216Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders Diarrhea511Metabolic and nutritional Disorders Weight Decrease721Psychiatric Disorders Anorexia Mood Problems Difficulty with Concentration/Attention Cognitive Problem NOS Nervousness11 2 4 0 414 11 9 7 5Resistance Mechanism Disorders Infection Viral Infection4 29 7Respiratory System Disorders Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Rhinitis Bronchitis Sinusitis16 2 2 218 7 7 5Skin and Appendages Disorders Alopecia25
Adjunctive Therapy Epilepsy
The most commonly observed adverse events associated with the use of topiramate at dosages of 200 to 400 mg/day in controlled trials in adults with partial onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, that were seen at greater frequency in topiramate-treated patients and did not appear to be doserelated were: somnolence, dizziness, ataxia, speech disorders and related speech problems, psychomotor slowing, abnormal vision, difficulty with memory, paresthesia and diplopia [see
Table 6
]. The most common dose-related adverse events at dosages of 200 to 1,000 mg/day were: fatigue, nervousness, difficulty with concentration or attention, confusion, depression, anorexia, language problems, anxiety, mood problems, and weight decrease [see
Table 8
]. Adverse events associated with the use of topiramate at dosages of 5 to 9 mg/kg/day in controlled trials in pediatric patients with partial onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, that were seen at greater frequency in topiramate-treated patients were: fatigue, somnolence, anorexia, nervousness, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, aggressive reaction, and weight decrease [see
Table 9
]. In controlled clinical trials in adults, 11% of patients receiving topiramate 200 to 400 mg/day as adjunctive therapy discontinued due to adverse events. This rate appeared to increase at dosages above 400 mg/day. Adverse events associated with discontinuing therapy included somnolence, dizziness, anxiety, difficulty with concentration or attention, fatigue, and paresthesia and increased at dosages above 400 mg/day. None of the pediatric patients who received topiramate adjunctive therapy at 5 to 9 mg/kg/day in controlled clinical trials discontinued due to adverse events. Approximately 28% of the 1,757 adults with epilepsy who received topiramate at dosages of 200 to 1,600 mg/day in clinical studies discontinued treatment because of adverse events; an individual patient could have reported more than one adverse event. These adverse events were: psychomotor slowing (4.0%), difficulty with memory (3.2%), fatigue (3.2%), confusion (3.1%), somnolence (3.2%), difficulty with concentration/attention (2.9%), anorexia (2.7%), depression (2.6%), dizziness (2.5%), weight decrease (2.5%), nervousness (2.3%), ataxia (2.1%), and paresthesia (2.0%). Approximately 11% of the 310 pediatric patients who received topiramate at dosages up to 30 mg/kg/day discontinued due to adverse events. Adverse events associated with discontinuing therapy included aggravated convulsions (2.3%), difficulty with concentration/attention (1.6%), language problems (1.3%), personality disorder (1.3%), and somnolence (1.3%).
Incidence in Epilepsy Controlled Clinical Trials Adjunctive TherapyPartial Onset Seizures, Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures, and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
Table 6 uls treatment-emergent adverse events that occurred in at least 1% of adults treated with 200 to 400 mg/day topiramate in controlled trials that were numerically more common at this dose than in the patients treated with placebo. In general, most patients who experienced adverse events during the first eight weeks of these trials no longer experienced them by their last visit. Table 9 uls treatment-emergent adverse events that occurred in at least 1% of pediatric patients treated with 5 to 9 mg/kg topiramate in controlled trials that were numerically more common than in patients treated with placebo. The prescriber should be aware that these data were obtained when Topiramate was added to concurrent antiepileptic drug therapy and cannot be used to predict the frequency of adverse events in the course of usual medical practice where patient characteristics and other factors may differ from those prevailing during clinical studies. Similarly, the cited frequencies cannot be directly compared with data obtained from other clinical investigations involving different treatments, uses, or investigators. Inspection of these frequencies, however, does provide the prescribing physician with a basis to estimate the relative contribution of drug and non-drug factors to the adverse event incidences in the population studied.
Other Adverse Events Observed During Double-Blind Adjunctive Therapy Epilepsy Trials
Other events that occurred in more than 1% of adults treated with 200 to 400 mg of topiramate in placebo-controlled epilepsy trials but with equal or greater frequency in the placebo group were: headache, injury, anxiety, rash, pain, convulsions aggravated, coughing, fever, diarrhea, vomiting, muscle weakness, insomnia, personality disorder, dysmenorrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, and eye pain. Table 6: Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events in Placebo-Controlled, Add-On Epilepsy Trials in Adultsa,b Where Rate Was >1% in Any Topiramate Group and Greater Than the Rate in Placebo-Treated Patients Body System/ Adverse EventcPlacebo (N=291)Topiramate Dosage (mg/day)200-400 (N=183)600-1,000 (N=414)Body as a Whole- General Disorders Fatigue Asthenia Back Pain Chest Pain Influenza-Like Symptoms Leg Pain Hot Flushes Allergy Edema Body Odor Rigors13 1 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 015 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 130 3 3 2 4 4 1 3 1 0 <1Central & Peripheral Nervous system DisordersDizziness Ataxia Speech Disorders/ Related Speech Problems Paresthesia Nystagmus Tremor Language problems Coordination Abnormal Hypoaesthesia Gait Abnormal Muscle Contractions Involuntary Stupor Vertigo15 7 2 4 7 6 1 2 1 1 1 0 125 16 13 11 10 9 6 4 2 3 2 2 132 14 11 19 11 9 10 4 1 2 2 1 2Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders Nausea Dyspepsia Abdominal Pain Constipation Gastroenteritis Dry Mouth Gingivitis GI Disorder8 6 4 2 1 1 <1 <110 7 6 4 2 2 1 112 6 7 3 1 4 1 0Hearing and Vestibular Disorders Hearing Decreased121Metabolic and nutritional Disorders Weight Decrease3913Muscle-Skeletal System Disorders Myalgia Skeletal Pain1 02 12 0Platelet, Bleeding, & Clotting Disorders Epistaxis121Psychiatric Disorders Somnolence Nervousness Psychomotor Slowing Difficulty with Memory Anorexia Confusion Depression Difficulty with Concentration/ Attention Mood Problems Agitation Aggressive Reaction Emotional Liability Cognitive Problems Libido Decreased Apathy Depersonalization12 6 2 3 4 5 5 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 129 16 13 12 10 11 5 6 4 3 3 3 3 2 1 128 19 21 14 12 14 13 14 9 3 3 3 3 <1 3 2Reproductive Disorders, female Breast Pain Amenorrhea Menorrhagia Menstrual Disorder2 1 0 14 2 2 20 2 1 1Reproductive Disorders, male Prostatic Disorder<120Resistance Mechanism Disorders Infection Infection Viral Moniliasis1 1 <12 2 11 <1 0Respiratory System Disorders Pharyngitis Rhinitis Sinusitis Dyspnea2 6 4 16 7 5 13 6 6 2Skin and Appendages Disorders Skin Disorder Sweating Increased Rash Erythematous<1 <1 <12 1 11 <1 <1Special Senses Other, Disorders Taste Perversion024Urinary System Disorders Hematuria Urinary Tract Infection Micturition Frequency Urinary Incontinence Urine Abnormal1 1 1 <1 02 2 1 2 1<1 3 2 1 <1Vision Disorders Vision Abnormal Diplopia2 513 1010 10White Cell and RES Disorders Leukopenia121a Patients in these add-on trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to Topiramate or placebo. b Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse event. Patients may have reported more than one adverse event during the study and can be included in more than one adverse event category. c Adverse events reported by at least 1% of patients in the Topiramate 200-400 mg/day group and more common than in the placebo group are uled in this table.
Incidence in Study 119Add-On TherapyAdults with Partial Onset Seizures
Study 119 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study with 3 treatment arms: 1) placebo; 2) topiramate 200 mg/day with a 25 mg/day starting dose, increased by 25 mg/day each week for 8 weeks until the 200 mg/day maintenance dose was reached; and 3) topiramate 200 mg/day with a 50 mg/day starting dose, increased by 50 mg/day each week for 4 weeks until the 200 mg/day maintenance dose was reached. All patients were maintained on concomitant carbamazepine with or without another concomitant antiepileptic drug. The incidence of adverse events (
Table 7
) did not differ significantly between the 2 topiramate regimens. Because the frequencies of adverse events reported in this study were markedly lower than those reported in the previous epilepsy studies, they cannot be directly compared with data obtained in other studies. Table 7: Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events in Study 119a,b Where Rate Wasin the Topiramate Group and Greater Than the Rate in Placebo-Treated Patients Body System/ Adverse EventcPlacebo (N=92)Topiramate Dosage (mg/day)200 (N=171)Body as a Whole-General Disorders Fatigue Chest Pain4 19 2Cardiovascular Disorders, General Hypertension02Central & Peripheral Nervous system DisordersParesthesia Dizziness Tremor Hypoasthesia Leg Cramps Language Problems2 4 2 0 0 09 7 3 2 2 2Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders Abdominal Pain Constipation Diarrhea Dyspepsia Dry Mouth3 0 1 0 05 4 2 2 2Hearing and Vestibular Disorders Tinnitus02Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders Weight Decrease48Psychiatric Disorders Somnolence Anorexia Nervousness Difficulty with Concentration/Attention Insomnia Difficulty with Memory Aggressive Reaction9 7 2 0 3 1 015 9 9 5 4 2 2Respiratory System Disorders Rhinitis04Urinary System Disorders Cystitis02Vision Disorders Diplopia Vision Abnormal0 02 2a Patients in these add-on trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to Topiramate or placebo. b Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse event. Patients may have reported more than one adverse event during the study and can be included in more than one adverse event category. c Adverse events reported by at least 2% of patients in the Topiramate 200 mg/day group and more common than in the placebo group are uled in this table. Table 8: Incidence (%) of Dose-Related Adverse Events From Placebo-Controlled, Add-On Trials in Adults with Partial Onset Seizuresa Adverse EventPlacebo (N=216)Topiramate Dosage (mg/day)200 (N=45)400 (N=68)600-1,000 (N=414)Fatigue Nervousness Difficulty with Concentration/ Attention Confusion Depression Anorexia Language problems Anxiety Mood problems Weight decrease13 7 1 4 6 4 <1 6 2 311 13 7 9 9 4 2 2 0 412 18 9 10 7 6 9 3 6 930 19 14 14 13 12 10 10 9 13a Dose-response studies were not conducted for other adult indications or for pediatric indications. Table 9: Incidence (%) of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events in Placebo-Controlled, Add-On Epilepsy Trials in Pediatric Patients Ages 2-16 Yearsa,b (Events that Occurred in at Least 1% of Topiramate-Treated Patients and Occurred More Frequently in Topiramate-Treated Than Placebo-Treated Patients) Body System/ Adverse EventPlacebo (N=101)Topiramate (N=98)Body as a Whole-General Disorders Fatigue Injury Allergic Reaction Back Pain Pallor5 13 1 0 016 14 2 1 1Cardiovascular Disorders, General Hypertension01Central & Peripheral Nervous system DisordersGait Abnormal Ataxia Hyperkinesia Dizziness Speech Disorders/Related Speech Problems Hyporeflexia Convulsions Grand Mal Fecal Incontinence Paresthesia5 2 4 2 2 0 0 0 08 6 5 4 4 2 1 1 1Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders Nausea Saliva Increased Constipation Gastroenteritis Dysphagia Flatulence Gastroesophageal Reflux Glossitis Gum Hyperplasia5 4 4 2 0 0 0 0 06 6 5 3 1 1 1 1 1Heart Rate and Rhythm Disorders Bradycardia01Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders Weight Decrease Thirst Hypoglycemia Weight Increase1 1 0 09 2 1 1Platelet, Bleeding, & Clotting Disorders Purpura Epistaxis Hematoma Prothrombin Increased Thrombocyotopenia4 1 0 0 08 4 1 1 1Psychiatric Disorders Somnolence Anorexia Nervousness Personality Disorder (Behavior Problems) Difficulty with Concentration/Attention Aggressive Reaction Insomnia Difficulty with Memory NOS Confusion Psychomotor Slowing Appetite Increased Neurosis16 15 7 9 2 4 7 0 3 2 0 026 24 14 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 1 1Reproductive Disorders, female Leukorrhoea02Resistance Mechanism Disorders Infection Viral37Respiratory System Disorders Pneumonia Respiratory Disorder1 05 1 Body System/ Adverse EventPlacebo(N=101)Topiramate(N=98)Skin and Appendages Disorders Skin Disorder Alopecia Dermatitis Hypertrichosis Rash Erythematous Eczema Seborrhoea Skin Discoloration2 1 0 1 0 0 0 03 2 2 2 2 1 1 1Urinary System Disorders Urinary Incontinence Nocturia2 04 1Vision Disorders Eye Abnormality Vision Abnormal Diplopia Lacrimation Abnormal Myopia1 1 0 0 02 2 1 1 1White Cell and RES Disorders Leukopenia02a Patients in these add-on trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to Topiramate or placebo. b Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse event. Patients may have reported more than one adverse event during the study and can be included in more than one adverse event category.
Other Adverse Events Observed During All Epilepsy Clinical Trials
Topiramate has been administered to 2,246 adults and 427 pediatric patients with epilepsy during all clinical studies, only some of which were placebo controlled. During these studies, all adverse events were recorded by the clinical investigators using terminology of their own choosing. To provide a meaningful estimate of the proportion of individuals having adverse events, similar types of events were grouped into a smaller number of standardized categories using modified WHOART dictionary terminology. The frequencies presented represent the proportion of patients who experienced an event of the type cited on at least one occasion while receiving topiramate. Reported events are included except those already uled in the previous tables or text, those too general to be informative, and those not reasonably associated with the use of the drug. Events are classified within body system categories and enumerated in order of decreasing frequency using the following definitions: frequent occurring in at least 1/100 patients; infrequent occurring in 1/100 to 1/1000 patients; rare occurring in fewer than 1/1000 patients.
Autonomic Nervous System Disorders:
Infrequent: vasodilation.
Body as a Whole:
Frequent: syncope. Infrequent: abdomen enlarged. Rare: alcohol intolerance.
Cardiovascular Disorders, General:Infrequent:
hypotension, postural hypotension, angina pectoris.
Central & Peripheral Nervous System Disorders:Infrequent:
neuropathy, apraxia, hyperaesthesia, dyskinesia, dysphonia, scotoma, ptosis, dystonia, visual field defect, encephalopathy, EEG abnormal. Rare: upper motor neuron lesion, cerebellar syndrome, tongue paralysis.
Gastrointestinal System Disorders:
Infrequent: hemorrhoids, stomatitis, melena, gastritis, esophagitis. Rare: tongue edema.
Heart Rate and Rhythm Disorders:
Infrequent: AV block.
Liver and Biliary System Disorders:
Infrequent: SGPT increased, SGOT increased.
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders:Infrequent
: dehydration, hypokalemia, alkaline phosphatase increased, hypocalcemia, hyperlipemia, hyperglycemia, xerophthalmia, diabetes mellitus. Rare: hyperchloremia, hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hypocholesterolemia, hypophosphatemia, creatinine increased.
Musculoskeletal System Disorders:
Frequent: Arthralgia. Infrequent: arthrosis.
Neoplasms:
Infrequent: thrombocythemia. Rare: polycythemia.
Platelet, Bleeding, and Clotting Disorders:
Infrequent: gingival bleeding, pulmonary embolism.
Psychiatric Disorders:
Frequent: impotence, hallucination, psychosis, suicide attempt. Infrequent: euphoria, paranoid reaction, delusion, paranoia, delirium, abnormal dreaming. Rare: libido increased, manic reaction.
Red Blood Cell Disorders:
Frequent: anemia. Rare: marrow depression, pancytopenia.
Reproductive Disorders, Male:
Infrequent: ejaculation disorder, breast discharge.
Skin and Appendages Disorders
:Infrequent: urticaria, photosensitivity reaction, abnormal hair texture. Rare: chloasma.
Special Senses Other, Disorders:
Infrequent: taste loss, parosmia.
Urinary System Disorders:Infrequent:
urinary retention, face edema, renal pain, albuminuria, polyuria, oliguria.
Vascular (Extracardiac) Disorders:
Infrequent: flushing, deep vein thrombosis, phlebitis. Rare: vasospasm.
Vision Disorders:
Frequent: conjunctivitis. Infrequent: abnormal accommodation, photophobia, strabismus.
Rare:
mydriasis, iritis.
White Cell and Reticuloendothelial System Disorders:
Infrequent: lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, lymphopenia, granulocytopenia. Rare: lymphocytosis.
Postmarketing and Other Experience
In addition to the adverse experiences reported during clinical testing of Topiramate, the following adverse experiences have been reported worldwide in patients receiving topiramate post-approval. These adverse experiences have not been uled above and data are insufficient to support an estimate of their incidence or to establish causation. The uling is alphabetized: bullous skin reactions (including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis), hepatic failure (including fatalities), hepatitis, pancreatitis, pemphigus, and renal tubular acidosis.
Drug Abuse And Dependence
The abuse and dependence potential of Topiramate has not been evaluated in human studies.
Overdosage
Overdoses of Topiramate have been reported. Signs and symptoms included convulsions, drowsiness, speech disturbance, blurred vision, diplopia, mentation impaired, lethargy, abnormal coordination, stupor, hypotension, abdominal pain, agitation, dizziness and depression. The clinical consequences were not severe in most cases, but deaths have been reported after poly-drug overdoses involving Topiramate. Topiramate overdose has resulted in severe metabolic acidosis (see
WARNINGS
). A patient who ingested a dose between 96 and 110 g topiramate was admitted to hospital with coma lasting 20-24 hours followed by full recovery after 3 to 4 days. In acute Topiramate overdose, if the ingestion is recent, the stomach should be emptied immediately by lavage or by induction of emesis. Activated charcoal has been shown to adsorb topiramate in vitro. Treatment should be appropriately supportive. Hemodialysis is an effective means of removing topiramate from the body.
Dosage & Administration
Epilepsy
In the controlled add-on trials, no correlation has been demonstrated between trough plasma concentrations of topiramate and clinical efficacy. No evidence of tolerance has been demonstrated in humans. Doses above 400 mg/day (600, 800, or 1000 mg/day) have not been shown to improve responses in dose-response studies in adults with partial onset seizures. It is not necessary to monitor topiramate plasma concentrations to optimize Topiramate therapy. On occasion, the addition of Topiramate to phenytoin may require an adjustment of the dose of phenytoin to achieve optimal clinical outcome. Addition or withdrawal of phenytoin and/or carbamazepine during adjunctive therapy with Topiramate may require adjustment of the dose of Topiramate. Because of the bitter taste, tablets should not be broken. Topiramate can be taken without regard to meals.
Monotherapy Use
The recommended dose for topiramate monotherapy in adults and children 10 years of age and older is 400 mg/day in two divided doses. Approximately 58% of patients randomized to 400 mg/day achieved this maximal dose in the monotherapy controlled trial; the mean dose achieved in the trial was 275 mg/day. The dose should be achieved by titrating according to the following schedule: Morning DoseEvening DoseWeek 125 mg25 mgWeek 250 mg50 mgWeek 375 mg75 mgWeek 4100 mg100 mgWeek 5150 mg150 mgWeek 6200 mg200 mg
Adjunctive Therapy Use Adults (17 Years of Age and Over) - Partial Seizures, Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
The recommended total daily dose of Topiramate as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial seizures is 200-400 mg/day in two divided doses, and 400 mg/day in two divided doses as adjunctive treatment in adults with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. It is recommended that therapy be initiated at 25-50 mg/day followed by titration to an effective dose in increments of 25-50 mg/week. Titrating in increments of 25 mg/week may delay the time to reach an effective dose. Daily doses above 1,600 mg have not been studied. In the study of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures the initial titration rate was slower than in previous studies; the assigned dose was reached at the end of 8 weeks (see
CLINICAL STUDIES
,
Adjunctive Therapy Controlled Trials in Patients With Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
).
Pediatric Patients (Ages 2 - 16 Years) - Partial Seizures, Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
The recommended total daily dose of Topiramate as adjunctive therapy for patients with partial seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is approximately 5 to 9 mg/kg/day in two divided doses. Titration should begin at 25 mg (or less, based on a range of 1 to 3 mg/kg/day) nightly for the first week. The dosage should then be increased at 1- or 2-week intervals by increments of 1 to 3 mg/kg/day (administered in two divided doses), to achieve optimal clinical response. Dose titration should be guided by clinical outcome. In the study of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures the initial titration rate was slower than in previous studies; the assigned dose of 6 mg/kg/day was reached at the end of 8 weeks (see
CLINICAL STUDIES
,
Adjunctive Therapy Controlled Trial in Patients With Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
).
Patients with Renal Impairment:
In renally impaired subjects (creatinine clearance less than 70 mL/min/1.73m2), one half of the usual adult dose is recommended. Such patients will require a longer time to reach steady-state at each dose.
Geriatric Patients (Ages 65 Years and Over):
Dosage adjustment may be indicated in the elderly patient when impaired renal function (creatinine clearance ratemL/min/1.73 m2) is evident (see
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION:Patients with Renal Impairment
and
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:Special Populations:Age, Gender, and Race
).
Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis:
Topiramate is cleared by hemodialysis at a rate that is 4 to 6 times greater than a normal individual. Accordingly, a prolonged period of dialysis may cause topiramate concentration to fall below that required to maintain an anti-seizure effect. To avoid rapid drops in topiramate plasma concentration during hemodialysis, a supplemental dose of topiramate may be required. The actual adjustment should take into account 1) the duration of dialysis period, 2) the clearance rate of the dialysis system being used, and 3) the effective renal clearance of topiramate in the patient being dialyzed.
Patients with Hepatic Disease:
In hepatically impaired patients topiramate plasma concentrations may be increased. The mechanism is not well understood.
How Supplied
Topiramate Tablets are available containing 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg or 200 mg of topiramate USP. The 25 mg tablets are white, round, biconvex tablets de-bossed with IG on one side and 278 on other. They are available as follows: NDC 31722-278-60 bottles of 60 tablets NDC 31722-278-05 bottles of 500 tablets NDC 31722-278-10 bottles of 1000 tablets The 50 mg tablets are yellow, round, biconvex tablets de-bossed with IG on one side and 279 on other. They are available as follows: NDC 31722-279-60 bottles of 60 tablets NDC 31722-279-05 bottles of 500 tablets NDC 31722-279-10 bottles of 1000 tablets The 100 mg tablets are light yellow, round, biconvex tablets de-bossed with IG on one side and 280 on other. They are available as follows: NDC 31722-280-60 bottles of 60 tablets NDC 31722-280-05 bottles of 500 tablets NDC 31722-280-10 bottles of 1000 tablets The 200 mg tablets are pink, round, biconvex tablets de-bossed with IG on one side and 281 on other. They are available as follows: NDC 31722-281-60 bottles of 60 tablets NDC 31722-281-05 bottles of 500 tablets NDC 31722-281-10 bottles of 1000 tablets
Storage And Handling
Store at 20to 25(68to 77 Protect from moisture.
Information For Patients
Package Label.principal Display Panel Section
DRUG: Topiramate GENERIC: Topiramate DOSAGE: TABLET ADMINSTRATION: ORAL NDC: 49349-907-02 STRENGTH:50 mg COLOR: yellow SHAPE: ROUND SCORE: No score SIZE: 7 mm IMPRINT: 30 QTY: 30![]()
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