Zortress (everolimus 0.75 mg) Dailymed

Recent Major Changes Section

Warnings and Precautions, Cannabidiol Drug Interactions (5.22)

9/2023

Indications & Usage Section

Zortress is an mTOR inhibitor immunosuppressant indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult patients:

• Kidney Transplant: at low-moderate immunologic risk. Use in combination with basiliximab, cyclosporine (reduced doses) and corticosteroids (1.1)
• Liver Transplant: Administer no earlier than 30 days posttransplant. Use in combination with tacrolimus (reduced doses) and corticosteroids (1.2, 5.5)

Limitations of Use: Safety and efficacy have not been established in the following:

• Kidney transplant patients at high immunologic risk (1.3)
• Recipients of transplanted organs other than kidney or liver (1.3, 5.7)
• Pediatric patients (less than 18 years) (1.3)

1.1Prophylaxis of Organ Rejection in Kidney Transplantation

Zortress is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in adult patients at low to moderate immunologic risk receiving a kidney transplant [ see Clinical Studies   (14.1)] . Zortress is to be administered in combination with basiliximab induction and concurrently with reduced doses of cyclosporine and with corticosteroids. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of everolimus and cyclosporine is recommended for all patients receiving these products [ see Dosage and Administration (2.2 , 2.3)] .

1.2Prophylaxis of Organ Rejection in Liver Transplantation

Zortress is indicated for the prophylaxis of allograft rejection in adult patients receiving a liver transplant. Zortress is to be administered no earlier than 30 days posttransplant concurrently in combination with reduced doses of tacrolimus and with corticosteroids [ s ee Warnings and Precautions (5. 5 ) , Clinical Studies (14.2) ] . TDM of everolimus and tacrolimus is recommended for all patients receiving these products [ s ee Dosage and Administration (2.3 , 2.5)] .

1.3Limitations of Use

The safety and efficacy of Zortress has not been established in the following populations:

• Kidney transplant patients at high immunologic risk.
• Recipients of transplanted organs other than kidney and liver [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].
• Pediatric patients (less than 18 years).

Dosage & Administration Section

Patients receiving Zortress may require dose adjustments based on everolimus blood concentrations achieved, tolerability, individual response, change in concomitant medications and the clinical situation. Optimally, dose adjustments of Zortress should be based on trough concentrations obtained 4 or 5 days after a previous dosing change. Dose adjustment is required if the trough concentration is below 3 ng/mL. The total daily dose of Zortress should be doubled using the available tablet strengths (0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg, or 1 mg). Dose adjustment is also required if the trough concentration is greater than 8 ng/mL on 2 consecutive measures; the dose of Zortress should be decreased by 0.25 mg twice daily [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

• Kidney Transplantation: starting oral dose of 0.75 mg twice daily as soon as possible after transplantation (2.1)
• Liver Transplantation: starting oral dose of 1 mg twice daily starting 30 days after transplantation (2.2)
• Monitor Everolimus Concentrations: Adjust maintenance dose to achieve trough concentrations within the 3 to 8 ng/mL target range using LC/MS/MS assay method (2.1, 2.2, 2.3)
• Administer consistently with or without food at the same time as cyclosporine or tacrolimus (2.6, 12.3)
• Mild Hepatic Impairment: Reduce initial daily dose by one-third (2.7)
• Moderate or Severe Hepatic Impairment: Reduce initial daily dose by one-half (2.7, 12.6)

2.1Dosage in Adult Kidney Transplant Patients

An initial Zortress dose of 0.75 mg orally twice daily (1.5 mg per day) is recommended for adult kidney transplant patients in combination with reduced-dose cyclosporine, administered as soon as possible after transplantation [ s ee Dosage and Administration   ( 2.3 , 2.4 ) , Clinical Studies (14.1) ] .  

Oral prednisone should be initiated once oral medication is tolerated. Steroid doses may be further tapered on an individualized basis depending on the clinical status of patient and function of graft.

2.2Dosage in Adult Liver Transplant Patients

Start Zortress at least 30 days posttransplant. An initial dose of 1 mg orally twice daily (2 mg per day) is recommended for adult liver transplant patients in combination with reduced-dose tacrolimus [ s ee Dosage and Administration (2.3 , 2.5), Clinical Studies (14.2)] .

Steroid doses may be further tapered on an individualized basis depending on the clinical status of patient and function of graft.

2.3Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)-Everolimus

Routine everolimus whole blood therapeutic drug concentration monitoring is recommended for all patients. The recommended everolimus therapeutic range is 3 to 8 ng/mL [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.7)]. Careful attention should be made to clinical signs and symptoms, tissue biopsies, and laboratory parameters. It is important to monitor everolimus blood concentrations, in patients with hepatic impairment, during concomitant administration of CYP3A4 inducers or inhibitors or cannabidiol, when switching cyclosporine formulations and/or when cyclosporine dosing is reduced according to recommended target concentrations [see Drug Interactions (7), Clinical Pharmacology (12.7, 12.8)].

There is an interaction of cyclosporine on everolimus, and consequently, everolimus concentrations may decrease if cyclosporine exposure is reduced. There is little to no pharmacokinetic interaction of tacrolimus on everolimus, and thus, everolimus concentrations do not decrease if the tacrolimus exposure is reduced [see Drug Interactions (7.2)].

The everolimus recommended therapeutic range of 3 to 8 ng/mL is based on an LC/MS/MS assay method. Currently in clinical practice, everolimus whole blood trough concentrations may be measured by chromatographic or immunoassay methodologies. Because the measured everolimus whole blood trough concentrations depend on the assay used, individual patient sample concentration values from different assays may not be interchangeable. Consideration of assay results must be made with knowledge of the specific assay used. Therefore, communication should be maintained with the laboratory performing the assay.

2.4Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)-Cyclosporine in Kidney Transplant Patients

Both cyclosporine doses and the target range for whole blood trough concentrations should be reduced, when given in a regimen with Zortress, in order to minimize the risk of nephrotoxicity [ s ee Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 ) , Drug Interactions (7.2), Clinical Pharmacology (12. 8 )] .

The recommended cyclosporine therapeutic ranges when administered with Zortress are 100 to 200 ng/mL through Month 1 posttransplant, 75 to 150 ng/mL at Months 2 and 3 posttransplant, 50 to 100 ng/mL at Month 4 posttransplant, and 25 to 50 ng/mL from Month 6 through Month 12 posttransplant. The median trough concentrations observed in the clinical trial ranged between 161 to 185 ng/mL through Month 1 posttransplant and between 111 to 140 ng/mL at Months 2 and 3 posttransplant. The median trough concentration was 99 ng/mL at Month 4 posttransplant and ranged between 46 to 75 ng/mL from Months 6 through Month 12 posttransplant [ s ee Clinical Pharmacology   (12. 8 ) ,   Clinical Studies   (14.1)] .  

Cyclosporine, USP Modified is to be administered as oral capsules twice daily unless cyclosporine oral solution or intravenous administration of cyclosporine cannot be avoided. Cyclosporine, USP Modified should be initiated as soon as possible, and no later than 48 hours after reperfusion of the graft and dose adjusted to target concentrations from Day 5 onwards.

If impairment of renal function is progressive, the treatment regimen should be adjusted. In renal transplant patients, the cyclosporine dose should be based on cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations [ s ee Clinical Pharmacology (12 . 8 )] .

In renal transplantation, there are limited data regarding dosing Zortress with reduced cyclosporine trough concentrations of 25 to 50 ng/mL after 12 months. Zortress has not been evaluated in clinical trials with other formulations of cyclosporine. Prior to dose reduction of cyclosporine, it should be ascertained that steady-state everolimus whole blood trough concentration is at least 3 ng/mL. There is an interaction of cyclosporine on everolimus, and consequently, everolimus concentrations may decrease if cyclosporine exposure is reduced [see Drug Interactions (7.2)].

2.5Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) Tacrolimus in Liver Transplant Patients

Both tacrolimus doses and the target range for whole blood trough concentrations should be reduced, when given in a regimen with Zortress, in order to minimize the potential risk of nephrotoxicity [ s ee Warnings and Precautions (5. 6 ) , Clinical Pharmacology (12. 9 )] .  

The recommended tacrolimus therapeutic range when administered with Zortress are whole blood trough (C-_0h) concentrations of 3 to 5 ng/mL by three weeks after the first dose of Zortress (approximately Month 2) and through Month 12 posttransplant.

The median tacrolimus trough concentrations observed in the clinical trial ranged between 8.6 to 9.5 ng/mL at Weeks 2 and 4 posttransplant (prior to initiation of everolimus). The median tacrolimus trough concentrations ranged between 7 to 8.1 ng/mL at Weeks 5 and 6 posttransplant, between 5.2 to 5.6 ng/mL at Months 2 and 3 posttransplant, and between 4.3 to 4.9 ng/mL between Months 4 and 12 posttransplant [ see Clinical Pharmacology (12. 9 ) , Clinical Studies (14.2) ].

Tacrolimus is to be administered as oral capsules twice daily unless intravenous administration of tacrolimus cannot be avoided. 

In liver transplant patients, the tacrolimus dose should be based on tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations [ s ee Clinical Pharmacology (12. 9 )] .  

In liver transplantation, there are limited data regarding dosing Zortress with reduced tacrolimus trough concentrations of 3 to 5 ng/mL after 12 months. Prior to dose reduction of tacrolimus, it should be ascertained that the steady-state everolimus whole blood trough concentration is at least 3 ng/mL. Unlike the interaction between cyclosporine and everolimus, tacrolimus does not affect everolimus trough concentrations, and consequently, everolimus concentrations do not decrease if the tacrolimus exposure is reduced.

2.6Administration

Zortress tablets should be swallowed whole with a glass of water and not crushed before use.

Administer Zortress consistently approximately 12 hours apart with or without food to minimize variability in absorption and at the same time as cyclosporine or tacrolimus [ s ee Clinical Pharmacology   (12. 3 ) ] .

2.7Hepatic Impairment

Whole blood trough concentrations of everolimus should be closely monitored in patients with impaired hepatic function. For patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A), the initial daily dose should be reduced by approximately one-third of the normally recommended daily dose. For patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C), the initial daily dose should be reduced to approximately one-half of the normally recommended daily dose. Further dose adjustment and/or dose titration should be made if a patient’s whole blood trough concentration of everolimus, as measured by an LC/MS/MS assay, is not within the target trough concentration range of 3 to 8 ng/mL [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.6)].

Dosage Forms & Strengths Section

Zortress is available as 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg, and 1 mg tablets.

Table 1. Description of Zortress (everolimus) Tablets

Dosage strength	0.25 mg	0.5 mg	0.75 mg	1 mg
Appearance	White to yellowish, marbled, round, flat tablets with beveled edge
Imprint	“C” on one side and “NVR” on the other	“CH” on one side and “NVR” on the other	“CL” on one side and “NVR” on the other	“CU” on one side and “NVR” on the other

Zortress is available as 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg, and 1 mg tablets (3)

Contraindications Section

• Hypersensitivity to everolimus, sirolimus, or to components of the drug product (4)

4.1Hypersensitivity Reactions

Zortress is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to everolimus, sirolimus, or to components of the drug product. 

Warnings And Precautions Section

• Angioedema [increased risk with concomitant angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE inhibitors)]: Monitor for symptoms and treat promptly (5.8)
• Delayed Wound Healing/Fluid Accumulation: Monitor symptoms; treat promptly to minimize complications (5.9)
• Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)/Non-Infectious Pneumonitis: Monitor for symptoms or radiologic changes; manage by dose reduction or discontinuation until symptoms resolve; consider use of corticosteroids (5.10)
• Hyperlipidemia (elevations of serum cholesterol and triglycerides): Monitor and consider anti-lipid therapy (5.11)
• Proteinuria (increased risk with higher trough concentrations): Monitor urine protein (5.12)
• Polyoma Virus Infections (activation of latent viral infections; BK virus associated nephropathy): Consider reducing immunosuppression (5.13)
• TMA/TTP/HUS (concomitant use with cyclosporine may increase risk): Monitor for hematologic changes or symptoms (5.15)
• New Onset Diabetes After Transplantation: Monitor serum glucose (5.16)
• Male Infertility: Azoospermia or oligospermia may occur (5.18, 13.1)
• Immunizations: Avoid live vaccines (5.19)
• Embryo-Fetal Toxicity: Advise females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus and to use effective contraception during treatment with Zortress and for 8 weeks after final dose (5.17, 8.1, 8.3)

5.1Management of Immunosuppression

Only physicians experienced in management of systemic immunosuppressant therapy in transplantation should prescribe Zortress. Patients receiving the drug should be managed in facilities equipped and staffed with adequate laboratory and supportive medical resources. The physician responsible for the maintenance therapy should have complete information requisite for the follow-up of the patient. In limited data with the complete elimination of calcineurin inhibition (CNI), there was an increased risk of acute rejection.

5.2Lymphomas and Other Malignancies

Patients receiving immunosuppressants, including Zortress, are at increased risk of developing lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly of the skin. The risk appears to be related to the intensity and duration of immunosuppression rather than to the use of any specific agent.

As usual for patients with increased risk for skin cancer, exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light should be limited by wearing protective clothing and using a sunscreen with a high protection factor.

5.3Serious Infections

Patients receiving immunosuppressants, including Zortress, are at increased risk of developing bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections, including opportunistic infections [ s ee Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 3 ) , Adverse Reactions (6. 1, 6. 2)] .  These infections may lead to serious, including fatal, outcomes. Because of the danger of over-immunosuppression, which can cause increased susceptibility to infection, combination immunosuppressant therapy should be used with caution.

Antimicrobial prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia and prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus (CMV) is recommended in transplant recipients.

5.4Kidney Graft Thrombosis

An increased risk of kidney arterial and venous thrombosis, resulting in graft loss, has been reported, usually within the first 30 days posttransplantation [ s ee Boxed Warning] .

5.5Hepatic Artery Thrombosis

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are associated with an increase in hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT). Reported cases mostly have occurred within the first 30 days posttransplant and most also lead to graft loss or death. Therefore, Zortress should not be administered earlier than 30 days after liver transplant.

5.6Zortress and Calcineurin Inhibitor-Induced Nephrotoxicity

In kidney transplant recipients, Zortress with standard dose cyclosporine increases the risk of nephrotoxicity resulting in a lower glomerular filtration rate. Reduced doses of cyclosporine are required for use in combination with Zortress in order to reduce renal dysfunction [ see Boxed Warning, Indications and Usage (1. 1 ), Clinical Pharmacology (12. 8 )] .  

In liver transplant recipients, Zortress has not been studied with standard dose tacrolimus. Reduced doses of tacrolimus should be used in combination with Zortress in order to minimize the potential risk of nephrotoxicity [ s ee Indications and Usage (1.2), Clinical Pharmacology (12. 9 )] .  

Renal function should be monitored during the administration of Zortress. Consider switching to other immunosuppressive therapies if renal function does not improve after dose adjustments or if the dysfunction is thought to be drug related. Caution should be exercised when using other drugs which are known to impair renal function.

5.7Heart Transplantation

In a clinical trial of de novo heart transplant patients, Zortress in an immunosuppressive regimen, with or without induction therapy, resulted in an increased mortality often associated with serious infections within the first three months posttransplantation compared to the control regimen. Use of Zortress in heart transplantation is not recommended.

5.8Angioedema

Zortress has been associated with the development of angioedema. The concomitant use of Zortress with other drugs known to cause angioedema, such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may increase the risk of developing angioedema.

5.9Wound Healing and Fluid Accumulation

Zortress increases the risk of delayed wound healing and increases the occurrence of wound-related complications like wound dehiscence, wound infection, incisional hernia, lymphocele and seroma. These wound-related complications may require more surgical intervention. Generalized fluid accumulation, including peripheral edema (e.g., lymphoedema) and other types of localized fluid collection, such as pericardial and pleural effusions and ascites have also been reported.

5.10Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)/Non-Infectious Pneumonitis

A diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD) should be considered in patients presenting with symptoms consistent with infectious pneumonia but not responding to antibiotic therapy and in whom infectious, neoplastic and other non-drug causes have been ruled out through appropriate investigations. Cases of ILD, implying lung intraparenchymal inflammation (pneumonitis) and/or fibrosis of non-infectious etiology, some reported with pulmonary hypertension [including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)] as a secondary event, have occurred in patients receiving rapamycins and their derivatives, including Zortress. Most cases generally resolve on drug interruption with or without glucocorticoid therapy. However, fatal cases have also occurred.

5.11Hyperlipidemia

Increased serum cholesterol and triglycerides, requiring the need for anti-lipid therapy, have been reported to occur following initiation of Zortress and the risk of hyperlipidemia is increased with higher everolimus whole blood trough concentrations [ see Adverse R eactions (6.2) ] . Use of anti-lipid therapy may not normalize lipid levels in patients receiving Zortress. 

Any patient who is administered Zortress should be monitored for hyperlipidemia. If detected, interventions, such as diet, exercise, and lipid-lowering agents should be initiated as outlined by the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. The risk/benefit should be considered in patients with established hyperlipidemia before initiating an immunosuppressive regimen containing Zortress. Similarly, the risk/benefit of continued Zortress therapy should be reevaluated in patients with severe refractory hyperlipidemia. Zortress has not been studied in patients with baseline cholesterol levels greater than 350 mg/dL.

Due to an interaction with cyclosporine, clinical trials of Zortress and cyclosporine in kidney transplant patients strongly discouraged patients from receiving the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors simvastatin and lovastatin. During Zortress therapy with cyclosporine, patients administered an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and/or fibrate should be monitored for the possible development of rhabdomyolysis and other adverse effects, as described in the respective labeling for these agents [ see Drug Interactions (7 . 7 )] .

5.12Proteinuria

The use of Zortress in transplant patients has been associated with increased proteinuria. The risk of proteinuria increased with higher everolimus whole blood trough concentrations. Patients receiving Zortress should be monitored for proteinuria [ see   Adverse Reactions (6.2) ] .

5.13Polyoma Virus Infections

Patients receiving immunosuppressants, including Zortress, are at increased risk for opportunistic infections, including polyoma virus infections. Polyoma virus infections in transplant patients may have serious, and sometimes fatal, outcomes. These include polyoma virus-associated nephropathy (PVAN), mostly due to BK virus infection, and JC virus associated progressive multiple leukoencephalopathy (PML). PVAN has been observed in patients receiving immunosuppressants, including Zortress. PVAN is associated with serious outcomes; including deteriorating renal function and kidney graft loss [ see Adverse   Reactions (6.2) ] . Patient monitoring may help detect patients at risk for PVAN. Reductions in immunosuppression should be considered for patients who develop evidence of PVAN or PML. Physicians should also consider the risk that reduced immunosuppression represents to the functioning allograft. 

5.14Interaction With Strong Inhibitors and Inducers of CYP3A4

Coadministration of Zortress with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, clarithromycin, telithromycin, ritonavir, boceprevir, telaprevir) or strong CYP3A4 inducers (e.g., rifampin, rifabutin) is not recommended without close monitoring of everolimus whole blood trough concentrations [see Drug Interactions (7)].

5.15Thrombotic Microangiopathy/Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura/Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

The concomitant use of Zortress with cyclosporine may increase the risk of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)/hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Monitor hematologic parameters [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].

5.16New Onset Diabetes After Transplant

Zortress has been shown to increase the risk of new onset diabetes mellitus after transplant. Blood glucose concentrations should be monitored closely in patients using Zortress.

5.17Embryo-Fetal Toxicity

Based on animal studies and the mechanism of action [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.1)], Zortress may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. In animal studies, everolimus caused embryo-fetal toxicity when administered during the period of organogenesis at maternal exposures that were equal to or less than human exposures at the recommended lowest starting dose. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. Advise female patients of reproductive potential to avoid becoming pregnant and to use effective contraception while using Zortress and for 8 weeks after ending treatment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)].

5.18MaleInfertility

Azoospermia or oligospermia may be observed [ see   Adverse Reactions (6. 2 ) ,   Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ] . Zortress is an anti-proliferative drug and affects rapidly dividing cells like the germ cells.

5.19Immunizations

The use of live vaccines should be avoided during treatment with Zortress; examples include (not limited to) the following: intranasal influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, oral polio, BCG, yellow fever, varicella, and TY21a typhoid vaccines.

5.20Interaction With Grapefruit Juice

Grapefruit and grapefruit juice inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-gp activity and should therefore be avoided with concomitant use of Zortress and cyclosporine or tacrolimus.

5.21Patients With Hereditary Disorders/Other

Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take Zortress as this may result in diarrhea and malabsorption.

5.22Cannabidiol Drug Interactions

When cannabidiol and Zortress are coadministered, closely monitor for an increase in everolimus blood levels and for adverse reactions suggestive of everolimus toxicity. A dose reduction of Zortress should be considered as needed when Zortress is coadministered with cannabidiol [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Drug Interactions (7.13)].

Adverse Reactions Section

Most common adverse reactions were as follows:

• Kidney Transplantation (incidence greater than or equal to 20%): peripheral edema, constipation, hypertension, nausea, anemia, urinary tract infection (UTI), and hyperlipidemia (6.1)
• Liver Transplantation (incidence greater than 10%): diarrhea, headache, peripheral edema, hypertension, nausea, pyrexia, abdominal pain, leukopenia, and hypercholesterolemia (6.1)

To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation at 1-888-669-6682 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.

6.1Serious and Otherwise Important Adverse Reactions

The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the label.

• Hypersensitivity Reactions [ see Contraindications (4.1) ]
• Lymphomas and Other Malignancies [ see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]
• Serious Infections [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]
• Kidney Graft Thrombosis [ see Warnings an d Precautions ( 5.4 ) ]
• Hepatic Artery Thrombosis [ see Warnings and Precautions (5. 5 ) ]
• Zortress and Calcineurin Inhibitor-Induced Nephrotoxicity [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 6 ) ]
• Heart Transplantation [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ]
• Angioedema [ see Warnings and Precautions (5. 8 ) ]
• Wound Healing and Fluid Accumulation [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 9 ) ]
• Interstitial Lung Disease/Non-Infectious Pneumonitis [ see Warnings and Precautions (5. 10 ) ]
• Hyperlipidemia [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 11 ) ]
• Proteinuria [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 2 ) ]
• Polyoma Virus Infections [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 3 ) ]
• Thrombotic Microangiopathy/Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura/Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (TMA/TTP/HUS) [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 5 ) ]
• New Onset Diabetes After Transplant [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 6 ) ]
• Male Infertility [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 8 ) ]

6.2Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, the adverse reaction rates observed cannot be directly compared to rates in other trials and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Kidney Transplantation

The data described below reflect exposure to Zortress in an open-label, randomized trial of de novo kidney transplant patients of concentration-controlled everolimus at an initial Zortress starting dose of 1.5 mg per day [target trough concentrations 3 to 8 ng/mL with reduced exposure cyclosporine (N = 274) compared to mycophenolic acid (N = 273) with standard exposure cyclosporine]. All patients received basiliximab induction therapy and corticosteroids. The population was between 18 and 70 years, more than 43% were 50 years of age or older (mean age was 46 years in the Zortress group, 47 years control group); a majority of recipients were male (64% in the Zortress group, 69% control group); and a majority of patients were Caucasian (70% in the Zortress group, 69% control group). Demographic characteristics were comparable between treatment groups. The most frequent diseases leading to transplantation were balanced between groups and included hypertension/nephrosclerosis, glomerulonephritis/glomerular disease and diabetes mellitus. Significantly more patients discontinued Zortress 1.5 mg per day treatment (83/277, 30%) than discontinued the control regimen (60/277, 22%). Of those patients who prematurely discontinued treatment, most discontinuations were due to adverse reactions: 18% in the Zortress group compared to 9% in the control group (p-value = 0.004). This difference was more prominent between treatment groups among female patients. In those patients discontinuing study medication, adverse reactions were collected up to 7 days after study medication discontinuation and serious adverse reactions up to 30 days after study medication discontinuation.

Discontinuation of Zortress at a higher dose (3 mg per day) was 95/279, 34%, including 20% due to adverse reactions, and this regimen is not recommended (see below).

The overall incidences of serious adverse reactions were 57% (159/278) in the Zortress group and 52% (141/273) in the mycophenolic acid group. Infections and infestations reported as serious adverse reactions had the highest incidence in both groups [20% (54/274) in the Zortress group and 25% (69/273) in the control group]. The difference was mainly due to the higher incidence of viral infections in the mycophenolic acid group, mainly CMV and BK virus infections. Injury, poisoning and procedural complications reported as serious adverse reactions had the second highest incidence in both groups [14% (39/274) in the Zortress group and 12% (32/273) in the control group] followed by renal and urinary disorders [10% (28/274) in the Zortress group and 13% (36/273) in the control group] and vascular disorders [10% (26/274) in the Zortress group and 7% (20/273) in the control group].

A total of 13 patients died during the first 12 months of study; 7 (3%) in the Zortress group and 6 (2%) in the control group. The most common causes of death across the study groups were related to cardiac conditions and infections.

There were 12 (4%) graft losses in the Zortress group and 8 (3%) in the control group over the 12-month study period. Of the graft losses, 4 were due to renal artery and two due to renal vein thrombosis in the Zortress group (2%) compared to two renal artery thromboses in the control group (1%) [ s ee Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5. 4 ) ] .

The most common (greater than or equal to 20%) adverse reactions observed in the Zortress group were: peripheral edema, constipation, hypertension, nausea, anemia, urinary tract infection, and hyperlipidemia.

Infections

The overall incidence of bacterial, fungal and viral infections reported as adverse reactions was higher in the control group (68%) compared to the Zortress group (64%) and was primarily due to an increased number of viral infections (21% in the control group and 10% in the Zortress group). The incidence of CMV infections reported as adverse reactions was 8% in the control group compared to 1% in the Zortress group; and 3% of the serious CMV infections in the control group versus 0% in the Zortress group were considered serious [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] .

BK Virus

BK virus infections were lower in incidence in the Zortress group (2 patients, 1%) compared to the control group (11 patients, 4%). One of the two BK virus infections in the Zortress group, and two of the 11 BK virus infections in the control group were also reported as serious adverse reactions. BK virus infections did not result in graft loss in any of the groups in the clinical trial.

Wound Healing and Fluid Collections

Wound healing-related reactions were identified through a retrospective search and request for additional data. The overall incidence of wound-related reactions, including lymphocele, seroma, hematoma, dehiscence, incisional hernia, and infections was 35% in the Zortress group compared to 26% in the control group. More patients required intraoperative repair debridement or drainage of incisional wound complications and more required drainage of lymphoceles and seromas in the Zortress group compared to control.

Adverse reactions due to major fluid collections such as edema and other types of fluid collections was 45% in the Zortress group and 40% in the control group [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 9 ) ] .

Neoplasms

Adverse reactions due to malignant and benign neoplasms were reported in 3% of patients in the Zortress group and 6% in the control group. The most frequently reported neoplasms in the control group were basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, skin papilloma and seborrheic keratosis. One patient in the Zortress group who underwent a melanoma excision prior to transplantation died due to metastatic melanoma [ see Boxed Warning,  Warnings and Precautions   (5.2) ] .  

New Onset Diabetes Mellitus (NODM)

NODM reported based on adverse reactions and random serum glucose values, was 9% in the Zortress group compared to 7% in the control group.

Endocrine Effects in Males

In the Zortress group, serum testosterone levels significantly decreased while the FSH levels significantly increased without significant changes being observed in the control group. In both the Zortress and the control groups mean testosterone and FSH levels remained within the normal range with the mean FSH level in the Zortress group being at the upper limit of the normal range (11.1 U/L). More patients were reported with erectile dysfunction in the Zortress treatment group compared to the control group (5% compared to 2%, respectively).

Table 2 compares the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse reactions reported with an incidence of greater than or equal to 10% for patients receiving Zortress with reduced dose cyclosporine or mycophenolic acid with standard dose cyclosporine. Within each MedDRA system organ class, the adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing frequency.

Table 2. Incidence Rates of Frequent (Greater Than or Equal to 10% in Any Treatment Group) Adverse Reactions (Safety Population*)

*The safety analysis population defined as all randomized kidney transplant patients who received at least one dose of treatment and had at least one post-baseline safety assessment.
Adverse reactions	Zortress (everolimus)1.5 mgwith reduced exposure cyclosporineN = 274n (%)	Mycophenolic acid1.44 gwith standard exposure cyclosporineN = 273n (%)
Any adverse reactions*	271 (99)	270 (99)
Blood lymphatic system disorders	93 (34)	111 (41)
Anemia	70 (26)	68 (25)
Leukopenia	8 (3)	33 (12)
Gastrointestinal disorders	196 (72)	207 (76)
Constipation	105 (38)	117 (43)
Nausea	79 (29)	85 (31)
Diarrhea	51 (19)	54 (20)
Vomiting	40 (15)	60 (22)
Abdominal pain	36 (13)	42 (15)
Dyspepsia	12 (4)	31 (11)
Abdominal pain upper	9 (3)	30 (11)
General disorders and administrative-site conditions	181 (66)	160 (59)
Edema peripheral	123 (45)	108 (40)
Pyrexia	51 (19)	40 (15)
Fatigue	25 (9)	28 (10)
Infections and infestations	169 (62)	185 (68)
Urinary tract infection	60 (22)	63 (23)
Upper respiratory tract infection	44 (16)	49 (18)
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications	163 (60)	163 (60)
Incision-site pain	45 (16)	47 (17)
Procedural pain	40 (15)	37 (14)
Investigations	137 (50)	133 (49)
Blood creatinine increased	48 (18)	59 (22)
Metabolism and nutrition disorders	222 (81)	199 (73)
Hyperlipidemia	57 (21)	43 (16)
Hyperkalemia	49 (18)	48 (18)
Hypercholesterolemia	47 (17)	34 (13)
Dyslipidemia	41 (15)	24 (9)
Hypomagnesemia	37 (14)	40 (15)
Hypophosphatemia	35 (13)	35 (13)
Hyperglycemia	34 (12)	38 (14)
Hypokalemia	32 (12)	32 (12)
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders	112 (41)	105 (39)
Pain in extremity	32 (12)	29 (11)
Back pain	30 (11)	28 (10)
Nervous system disorders	92 (34)	109 (40)
Headache	49 (18)	40 (15)
Tremor	23 (8)	38 (14)
Psychiatric disorders	90 (33)	72 (26)
Insomnia	47 (17)	43 (16)
Renal and urinary disorders	112 (41)	124 (45)
Hematuria	33 (12)	33 (12)
Dysuria	29 (11)	28 (10)
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	86 (31)	93 (34)
Cough	20 (7)	30 (11)
Vascular disorders	122 (45)	124 (45)
Hypertension	81 (30)	82 (30)

Adverse reaction that occurred with at least a 5% higher frequency in the Zortress 1.5 mg group compared to the control group were: peripheral edema (45% compared to 40%), hyperlipidemia (21% compared to 16%), dyslipidemia (15% compared to 9%), and stomatitis/mouth ulceration (8% compared to 3%).

A third treatment group of Zortress 3 mg per day (1.5 mg twice daily; target trough concentrations 6 to 12 ng/mL) with reduced exposure cyclosporine was included in the study described above. Although as effective as the lower dose Zortress group, the overall safety was worse and consequently higher doses of Zortress cannot be recommended. Out of 279 patients, 95 (34%) discontinued the study medication with 57 (20%) doing so because of adverse reactions. The most frequent adverse reactions leading to discontinuation of Zortress when used at this higher dose were injury, poisoning and procedural complications (Zortress 1.5 mg: 5%, Zortress 3 mg: 7%, and control: 2%), infections (2%, 6%, and 3%, respectively), renal and urinary disorders (4%, 7%, and 4%, respectively), and gastrointestinal disorders (1%, 3%, and 2%).

The combination of fixed-dose Zortress and standard doses of cyclosporine in previous kidney clinical trials resulted in frequent elevations of serum creatinine with higher mean and median serum creatinine values observed than in the current study with reduced exposure cyclosporine. These results indicate that Zortress increases the cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity, and, therefore, should only be used in a concentration-controlled regimen with reduced exposure cyclosporine [see Boxed Warning, Indications and Usage (1.1), Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

Liver Transplantation

The data described below reflect exposure to Zortress starting 30 days after transplantation in an open-label, randomized trial of liver transplant patients. Seven hundred and nineteen (719) patients who fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria [ see Clinical Studies (14.2 ) ] were randomized into one of the three treatment groups of the study. During the first 30 days prior to randomization, patients received tacrolimus and corticosteroids, with or without mycophenolate mofetil (about 70% to 80% received MMF). No induction antibody was administered. At randomization, MMF was discontinued and patients were randomized to Zortress initial dose of 1 mg twice per day (2 mg daily) and adjusted to protocol specified target trough concentrations of 3 to 8 ng/mL with reduced exposure tacrolimus [protocol-specified target troughs 3 to 5 ng/mL] (N = 245) [ see Clinical Pharmacology (12.7, 12.9)] or to a control group of standard exposure tacrolimus [protocol-specified target troughs 8 to 12 ng/mL up to Month 4 posttransplant, then 6 to 10 ng/mL Month 4 through Month 12 posttransplant] (N = 241). A third randomized group was discontinued prematurely [ see Clinical Studies (14.2) ] and is not described in this section.

The population was between 18 and 70 years, more than 50% were 50 years of age (mean age was 54 years in the Zortress group, 55 years in the tacrolimus control group); 74% were male in both Zortress and control groups, respectively, and a majority were Caucasian (86% Zortress group, 80% control group). Demographic characteristics were comparable between treatment groups. The most frequent diseases leading to transplantation were balanced between groups. The most frequent causes of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) were alcoholic cirrhosis, hepatitis C, and hepatocellular carcinoma and were balanced between groups.

Twenty-seven percent (27%) discontinued study drug in the Zortress group compared with 22% for the tacrolimus control group during the first 12 months of study. The most common reason for discontinuation of study medication was due to adverse reactions (19% and 11%, respectively), including proteinuria, recurrent hepatitis C, and pancytopenia in the Zortress group. At 24 months, the rate of discontinuation of study medication in liver transplant patients was greater for the Zortress group (42%) compared to tacrolimus control group (33%). 

The overall incidences of serious adverse reactions were 50% (122/245) in the Zortress group and 43% (104/241) in the control group at 12 months and similar at 24 months (56% and 54%, respectively). Infections and infestations were reported as serious adverse reactions with the highest incidence followed by gastrointestinal disorders and hepatobiliary disorders. 

During the first 12 months of study, 13 deaths were reported in the Zortress group (one patient never took Zortress). In the same 12-month period, 7 deaths were reported in the tacrolimus control group. Deaths occurred in both groups for a variety of reasons and were mostly associated with liver-related issues, infections and sepsis. In the following 12 months of study, four additional deaths were reported in each treatment group.

The most common adverse reactions (reported for greater or equal to 10% patients in any group) in the Zortress group were: diarrhea, headache, peripheral edema, hypertension, nausea, pyrexia, abdominal pain, and leukopenia (see Table 3).

Infections

The overall incidence of infections reported as adverse reactions was 50% for Zortress and 44% in the control group and similar at 24 months (56% and 52%, respectively). The types of infections were reported as follows: bacterial 16% vs 12%, viral 17% vs 13%; and fungal infections 2% vs 5% for Zortress and control, respectively [ see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .  

Wound Healing and Fluid Collections

Wound healing complications were reported as adverse reactions for 11% of patients in the Zortress group compared to 8% of patients in the control group up to 24 months. Pleural effusions were reported in 5% in both groups, and ascites in 4% of patients in the Zortress group and 3% in the control arm.

Neoplasms

Malignant and benign neoplasms were reported as adverse reactions in 4% of patients in the Zortress group and 7% in the control group at 12 months. In the Zortress group, 3 malignant tumors were reported compared to 9 cases in the control group. For the Zortress group this included lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disorder and a hepatocellular carcinoma, and for the control group included Kaposi’s sarcoma (2), metastatic colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, malignant hepatic neoplasm, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, hemophagocytic histiocytosis, and squamous cell carcinomas. At 24 months, the rates of malignancies were similar (10% and 11%, respectively) [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

Lipid Abnormalities

Hyperlipidemia adverse reactions (including the preferred terms: hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, blood cholesterol increased, blood triglycerides increased, hypertriglyceridemia lipids increased, total cholesterol/HDL ratio increased, and dyslipidemia) were reported for 24% Zortress patients, and 10% control patients at 12 months. Results were similar at 24 months (28% and 12%, respectively).

New Onset of Diabetes after Transplant (NODAT)

Of the patients without diabetes mellitus at randomization, NODAT was reported in 32% in the Zortress group compared to 29% in the control group at 12 months and similar at 24 months.

Table 3 compares the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse reactions reported with an incidence of greater than or equal to 10% for patients receiving Zortress with reduced exposure tacrolimus or standard dose tacrolimus from randomization to 24 months. Within each MedDRA system organ class, the adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing frequency.

Table 3. Incidence Rates of Most Frequent (Greater Than or Equal to 10% in Any Treatment Group) Adverse Reactions at 12 Months and 24 Months After Liver Transplantation (Safety Population*)

*The safety analysis population is defined as all randomized liver transplant patients who received at least one dose of treatment and had at least one post-baseline safety assessment.Primary system organ classes are presented alphabetically.**No de novo hepatitis C cases were reported.
Adverse reactions	12 months		24 months
	Zortress with reduced exposuretacrolimusN = 245n (%)	Tacrolimusstandard exposureN = 241n (%)	Zortress with reduced exposuretacrolimusN = 245n (%)	Tacrolimusstandard exposureN = 242n (%)
Any adverse reaction/infection	232 (95)	229 (95)	236 (96)	237 (98)
Blood & lymphatic system disorders	66 (27)	47 (20)	79 (32)	58 (24)
-Leukopenia	29 (12)	12 (5)	31 (13)	12 (5)
Gastrointestinal disorders	136 (56)	121 (50)	148 (60)	138 (57)
-Diarrhea	47 (19)	50 (21)	59 (24)	61 (25)
-Nausea	33 (14)	28 (12)	36 (15)	33 (14)
-Abdominal pain	32 (13)	22 (9)	37 (15)	31 (13)
General disorders and administration site conditions	94 (38)	85 (35)	113 (46)	98 (41)
-Peripheral edema	43 (18)	26 (11)	49 (20)	31 (13)
-Pyrexia	32 (13)	25 (10)	43 (18)	28 (12)
-Fatigue	22 (9)	26 (11)	27 (11)	28 (12)
Infections and infestations	123 (50)	105 (44)	135 (56)	125 (52)
-Hepatitis C**	28 (11)	19 (8)	33 (14)	24 (10)
Investigations	81 (33)	78 (32)	92 (38)	98 (41)
-Liver function test abnormal	16 (7)	24 (10)	19 (8)	25 (10)
Metabolism and nutrition disorders	111 (45)	92 (38)	134 (55)	106 (44)
-Hypercholesterolemia	23 (9)	6 (3)	27 (11)	9 (4)
Nervous system disorders	89 (36)	85 (35)	99 (40)	101 (42)
-Headache	47 (19)	46 (19)	53 (22)	54 (22)
-Tremor	23 (9)	29 (12)	25 (10)	37 (15)
-Insomnia	14 (6)	19 (8)	17 (7)	24 (10)
Renal and urinary disorders	49 (20)	53 (22)	67 (27)	73 (30)
-Renal failure	13 (5)	17 (7)	24 (10)	37 (15)
Vascular disorders	56 (23)	57 (24)	72 (29)	68 (28)
-Hypertension	42 (17)	38 (16)	52 (21)	44 (18)

Less Common Adverse Reactions

Less common adverse reactions, occurring overall in greater than or equal to 1% to less than 10% of either kidney or liver transplant patients treated with Zortress include:

Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: anemia, leukocytosis, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia, pancytopenia, thrombocythemia, thrombocytopenia

Cardiac and Vascular Disorders: angina pectoris, atrial fibrillation, cardiac failure congestive, palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension, including hypertensive crisis, hypotension, deep-vein thrombosis

Endocrine Disorders: Cushingoid, hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism

Eye Disorders: cataract, conjunctivitis, vision blurred

Gastrointestinal Disorders: abdominal distention, abdominal hernia, ascites, constipation, dyspepsia, dysphagia, epigastric discomfort, flatulence, gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gingival hypertrophy, hematemesis, hemorrhoids, ileus, mouth ulceration, peritonitis, stomatitis

General Disorders and Administrative Site Conditions: chest discomfort, chest pain, chills, fatigue, incisional hernia, inguinal hernia, malaise, edema, including generalized edema, pain

Hepatobiliary Disorders: hepatic enzyme increased, bile duct stenosis, bilirubin increased, cholangitis, cholestasis, hepatitis (non-infectious)

Infections and Infestations: BK virus infection [ s ee Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 3 ) ], bacteremia, bronchitis, candidiasis, cellulitis, CMV, folliculitis, gastroenteritis, herpes infections, influenza, lower respiratory tract, nasopharyngitis, onychomycosis, oral candidiasis, oral herpes, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, sepsis, sinusitis, tinea pedis, upper respiratory tract infection, urethritis, urinary tract infection, wound infection [ s ee Boxed   Warning , Warnings and Precautions (5. 3 )]

Injury Poisoning and Procedural Complications: incision site complications, including infections, perinephric collection, seroma, wound dehiscence, incisional hernia, perinephric hematoma, localized intra-abdominal fluid collection, impaired healing, lymophocele, lymphorrhea

Investigations: blood alkaline phosphatase increased, blood creatinine increased, blood glucose increased, hemoglobin decreased, white blood cell count decreased, transaminases increased

Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: blood urea increased, acidosis, anorexia, dehydration, diabetes mellitus [ s ee Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 6 ) ], decreased appetite, fluid retention, gout, hypercalcemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, iron deficiency, new onset diabetes mellitus, vitamin B12 deficiency

Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissues Disorders: arthralgia, joint swelling, muscle spasms, muscular weakness, musculoskeletal pain, myalgia, osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, osteopenia, osteoporosis, spondylitis

Nervous System Disorders: dizziness, hemiparesis, hypoesthesia, lethargy, migraine, neuralgia, paresthesia, somnolence, syncope, tremor

Psychiatric Disorders: agitation, anxiety, depression, hallucination

Renal and Urinary Disorders: bladder spasm, hydronephrosis, micturation urgency, nephritis interstitial, nocturia, pollakiuria, polyuria, proteinuria [s ee Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 2 )], pyuria, renal artery thrombosis [ s ee Boxed   Warning, Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 ) ], acute renal failure, renal impairment [ s ee Warnings and Precautions   ( 5. 6 ) ], renal tubular necrosis, urinary retention 

Reproductive System and Breast Disorders: amenorrhea,  benign prostatic hyperplasia, erectile dysfunction, ovarian cyst, scrotal edema

Respiratory, Thoracic, Mediastinal Disorders: atelectasis, bronchitis, dyspnea, cough, epistaxis, lower respiratory tract infection, nasal congestion, oropharyngeal pain, pleural effusions, pulmonary edema, rhinorrhea, sinus congestion, wheezing

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: acne, alopecia, dermatitis acneiform, ecchymosis, hirsutism, hyperhidrosis, hypertrichosis, night sweats, pruritus, rash

Vascular D isorders: venous thromboembolism (including deep vein thrombosis), phlebitis, pulmonary embolism

Less common, serious adverse reactions occurring overall in less than 1% of either kidney or liver transplant patients treated with Zortress include: 

• Angioedema [ s ee   Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )]
• Interstitial Lung Disease/Non-Infectious Pneumonitis [ s ee   Warnings and Precautions (5.10), Adverse Reactions (6.1)]
• Pericardial Effusions [ s ee   Warnings and Precautions (5.9)]
• Pancreatitis
• Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA), Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP), and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) [ s ee Warnings and Precautions (5.1 5 ) ]

6.3Postmarketing Experience

Adverse reactions identified from the postmarketing use of the combination regimen of Zortress and cyclosporine that are not specific to any one transplant indication include angioedema [ s ee Warnings and Precautions (5. 8 ) ], erythroderma, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, pancreatitis,  pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and pulmonary embolism. There have also been reports of male infertility with mTOR inhibitors, including Zortress [ s ee Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 8 ) ] .  

12.1Mechanism of Action

Everolimus inhibits antigenic and interleukin (IL-2 and IL-15) stimulated activation and proliferation of T and B lymphocytes.

In cells, everolimus binds to a cytoplasmic protein, the FK506 Binding Protein-12 (FKBP-12), to form an immunosuppressive complex (everolimus: FKBP-12) that binds to and inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key regulatory kinase. In the presence of everolimus phosphorylation of p70 S6 ribosomal protein kinase (p70S6K), a substrate of mTOR, is inhibited. Consequently, phosphorylation of the ribosomal S6 protein and subsequent protein synthesis and cell proliferation are inhibited. The everolimus: FKBP-12 complex has no effect on calcineurin activity.

In rats and nonhuman primate models, everolimus effectively reduces kidney allograft rejection resulting in prolonged graft survival.

12.3Pharmacokinetics

Everolimus pharmacokinetics have been characterized after oral administration of single and multiple doses to adult kidney transplant patients, hepatically-impaired patients, and healthy subjects.

Absorption

After oral dosing, peak everolimus concentrations occur 1 to 2 hours post dose. Over the dose range of 0.5 mg to 2 mg twice daily, everolimus C_max and AUC are dose proportional in transplant patients at steady-state.

Food Effect

In 24 healthy subjects, a high-fat breakfast (44.5 g fat) reduced everolimus C_max by 60%, delayed T_max by a median 1.3 hours, and reduced AUC by 16% compared with a fasting administration. To minimize variability, everolimus should be taken consistently with or without food [ s ee Dosage and Administration (2. 6 ) ] .

Distribution

The blood-to-plasma ratio of everolimus is concentration dependent ranging from 17% to 73% over the range of 5 ng/mL to 5000 ng/mL. Plasma protein binding is approximately 74% in healthy subjects and in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. The apparent distribution volume associated with the terminal phase (Vz/F) from a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in maintenance kidney transplant patients is 342 to 107 L (range: 128 to 589 L).

Elimination

Metabolism

Everolimus is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp. Following oral administration, everolimus is the main circulating component in human blood. Six main metabolites of everolimus have been detected in human blood, including 3 monohydroxylated metabolites, 2 hydrolytic ring-opened products, and a phosphatidylcholine conjugate of everolimus. These metabolites were also identified in animal species used in toxicity studies and showed approximately 100 times less activity than everolimus itself.

Excretion

After a single dose of radiolabeled everolimus was given to transplant patients receiving cyclosporine, the majority (80%) of radioactivity was recovered from the feces and only a minor amount (5%) was excreted in urine. Parent drug was not detected in urine and feces.

Pharmacokinetics in Kidney Transplant Patients

Steady-state is reached by Day 4 with an accumulation in blood concentrations of 2- to 3-fold compared with the exposure after the first dose. Table 4 below provides a summary of the steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters.

Table 4. Steady-State Pharmacokinetic Parameters (mean +/- SD) Following the Administration of 0.75 mg Twice Daily

1Population pharmacokinetic analysis.
C max	T max	AUC	CL/F 1	Vc/F 1	Half-life (T 1/2 )
11.1 + 4.6 ng/mL	1-2 h	75 + 31 ng•h/mL	8.8 L/h	110 L	30 ± 11 h

The half-life estimates from 12 maintenance renal transplant patients who received single doses of everolimus capsules at 0.75 mg or 2.5 mg with their maintenance cyclosporine regimen indicate that the pharmacokinetics of everolimus are linear over the clinically-relevant dose range. Results indicate the half-life of everolimus in maintenance renal transplant patients receiving single doses of 0.75 mg or 2.5 mg Zortress during steady-state cyclosporine treatment was 30 ± 11 hours (range: 19 to 53 hours).

12.5Drug-Drug Interactions

Everolimus is known to be a substrate for both cytochrome CYP3A4 and P-gp. The pharmacokinetic interaction between everolimus and concomitantly administered drugs is discussed below. Drug interaction studies have not been conducted with drugs other than those described below [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14), Drug Interactions (7)].

Cyclosporine (CYP3A4/P-gp Inhibitor and CYP3A4 Substrate): Zortress should be taken concomitantly with cyclosporine in kidney transplant patients. Everolimus concentrations may decrease when doses of cyclosporine are reduced, unless the Zortress dose is increased [see Dosage and Administration (2.1), Drug Interactions (7.2)].

In a single-dose study in healthy subjects, cyclosporine (Neoral) administered at a dose of 175 mg increased everolimus AUC by 168% (range: 46% to 365%) and C_max by 82% (range: 25% to 158%) when administered with 2 mg Zortress compared with administration of Zortress alone [ s ee Drug Interactions (7.2) ] .

Ketoconazole and Other Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors: Multiple-dose administration of 200 mg ketoconazole twice daily for 5 days to 12 healthy volunteers significantly increased everolimus C_max, AUC, and half-life by 3.9-fold, 15-fold, and 89%, respectively, when coadministered with 2 mg Zortress. It is recommended that strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, clarithromycin, telithromycin, ritonavir, boceprevir, telaprevir) should not be coadministered with Zortress [ s ee Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 4 ) , Drug Interactions (7.3) ] .  

Erythromycin (Moderate CYP3A4 Inhibitor): Multiple-dose administration of 500 mg erythromycin 3 times daily for 5 days to 16 healthy volunteers significantly increased everolimus C_max, AUC, and half-life by 2-fold, 4.4-fold, and 39%, respectively, when coadministered with 2 mg Zortress. If erythromycin is coadministered, everolimus blood concentrations should be monitored and a dose adjustment made as necessary [ s ee Drug Interactions (7.4) ] .

Verapamil (CYP3A4 Inhibitor and P-gp Substrate): Multiple-dose administration of 80 mg verapamil 3 times daily for 5 days to 16 healthy volunteers significantly increased everolimus C_max  and AUC by 2.3-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively, when coadministered with 2 mg Zortress. Everolimus half-life was not changed. If verapamil is coadministered, everolimus blood concentrations should be monitored and a dose adjustment made as necessary [ s ee Drug Interactions (7.5) ] .

Atorvastatin (CYP3A4 Substrate) and Pravastatin (P-gp Substrate): Following administration of a single dose of 2 mg Zortress to 12 healthy subjects, the concomitant administration of a single oral dose administration of atorvastatin 20 mg or pravastatin 20 mg only slightly decreased everolimus C_max and AUC by 9% and 10%, respectively. There was no apparent change in the mean T_1/2 or median T_max. In the same study, the concomitant Zortress dose slightly increased the mean C_max of atorvastatin by 11% and slightly decreased the AUC by 7%. The concomitant Zortress dose decreased the mean C_max and AUC of pravastatin by 10% and 5%, respectively. No dosage adjustments are needed for concomitant administration of Zortress and atorvastatin and pravastatin [ s ee Drug Interactions (7.6) ] .

Midazolam (CYP3A4/5 Substrate): In 25 healthy male subjects, coadministration of a single dose of midazolam 4 mg oral solution with steady-state everolimus (10 mg daily dose for 5 days) resulted in a 25% increase in midazolam C_max and a 30% increase in midazolam AUC; whereas the terminal half-life of midazolam and the metabolic AUC-ratio (1-hydroxymidazolam/midazolam) were not affected [ s ee Drug Interactions (7.9)] .

Rifampin (Strong CYP3A4 and P-gp Inducer): Pretreatment of 12 healthy subjects with multiple-dose rifampin (600 mg once-daily for 8 days) followed by a single dose of 4 mg Zortress increased everolimus clearance nearly 3-fold, and decreased C_max by 58% and AUC by 63%. Combination with rifampin is not recommended [ s ee   Drug Interactions ( 7. 8 )] .

12.6Specific Populations

Hepatic Impairment

Relative to the AUC of everolimus in subjects with normal hepatic function, the average AUC in 6 patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A) was 1.6-fold higher following administration of a 10 mg single dose. In 2 independently studied groups of 8 and 9 patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B) the average AUC was 2.1-fold and 3.3-fold higher following administration of a 2 mg or a 10 mg single dose, respectively; and in 6 patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) the average AUC was 3.6-fold higher following administration of a 10 mg single dose. For patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A), the dose should be reduced by approximately one-third of the normally recommended daily dose. For patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C), the initial daily dose should be reduced to approximately one-half of the normally recommended daily dose. Further dose adjustment and/or dose titration should be made if a patient’s whole blood trough concentration of everolimus, as measured by an LC/MS/MS assay, is not within the target trough concentration range of 3 to 8 ng/mL [see Dosage and Administration (2.7)].

Renal Impairment

No pharmacokinetic studies in patients with renal impairment were conducted. Posttransplant renal function (creatinine clearance range: 11 to 107 mL/min) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of everolimus; therefore, no dosage adjustments are needed in patients with renal impairment.

Geriatrics

A limited reduction in everolimus oral CL/F of 0.33% per year was estimated in adults (age range studied was 16 to 70 years). There is no evidence to suggest that elderly patients will require a different dosage recommendation from younger adult patients.

Race

Based on analysis of population pharmacokinetics, oral clearance (CL/F) is, on average, 20% higher in black transplant patients.

12.7Everolimus Whole Blood Concentrations Observed in Kidney and in Liver Transplant Patients

Everolimus in Kidney Transplantation

Based on exposure-efficacy and exposure-safety analyses of clinical trials and using an LC/MS/MS assay method, kidney transplant patients achieving everolimus whole blood trough concentrations greater than or equal to 3 ng/mL have been found to have a lower incidence of treated biopsy-proven acute rejection compared with patients whose trough concentrations were below 3 ng/mL. Patients who attained everolimus trough concentrations within the range of 6 to 12 ng/mL had similar efficacy and more adverse reactions than patients who attained lower trough concentrations between 3 to 8 ng/mL [ s ee Dosage and Administration (2. 3 ) ] .  

In the kidney clinical trial [ s ee Clinical Studies (14.1) ], everolimus whole blood trough concentrations were measured at Days 3, 7, and 14 and Months 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 12. The proportion of patients receiving 0.75 mg twice daily Zortress treatment regimen who had everolimus whole blood trough concentrations within the protocol specified target range of 3 to 8 ng/mL at Days 3, 7, and 14 were 55%, 71% and 69%, respectively. Approximately 80% of patients had everolimus whole blood trough concentrations within the 3 to 8 ng/mL target range by Month 1 and remained stable within range through Month 12 posttransplant. The median everolimus trough concentration for the 0.75 mg twice daily treatment group was between 3 and 8 ng/mL throughout the study duration.  

Everolimus in Liver Transplantation

In the liver clinical trial [ s ee Clinical Studies (14.2)],  Zortress dosing was initiated after 30 days following transplantation. Whole blood trough everolimus concentrations were measured within 5 days after first dose, followed by weekly intervals for 3 to 4 weeks, and then monthly thereafter. Approximately 49%, 37%, and 18% of patients, respectively, were below 3 ng/mL at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after initiation of Zortress dosing. The majority of patients (approximately 70% to 80%) had everolimus trough blood concentrations within the target range of 3 to 8 ng/mL from Month 2 through Month 24 posttransplant.

12.8Cyclosporine Concentrations Observed in Kidney Transplant Patients

In the kidney transplant clinical trial [ s ee Clinical Studies (14.1) ], the target cyclosporine whole blood trough concentration for the Zortress treatment arm of 0.75 mg twice daily were 100 to 200 ng/mL through Month 1 posttransplant, 75 to 150 ng/mL at Months 2 and 3 posttransplant, 50 to 100 ng/mL at Month 4 posttransplant, and 25 to 50 ng/mL from Month 6 through Month 12 posttransplant. Table 5 below provides a summary of the observed cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations during the study.

Table 5. Cyclosporine Trough Concentrations Over 12 Months Posttransplant – Kidney Study Median Values (ng/mL) With 10^th and 90^th Percentiles

Treatment Group	Visit	N	Target (ng/mL)	Median	10 th percentile	9 0 th percentile
Zortress0.75 mg twice daily	Day 3	242	100-200	172	46	388
	Day 7	265	100-200	185	75	337
	Day 14	243	100-200	182	97	309
	Month 1	245	100-200	161	85	274
	Month 2	232	75-150	140	84	213
	Month 3	220	75-150	111	68	187
	Month 4	208	50-100	99	56	156
	Month 6	200	25-50	75	43	142
	Month 7	199	25-50	59	36	117
	Month 9	194	25-50	49	28	91
	Month 12	186	25-50	46	25	100

12.9Tacrolimus Concentrations in Liver Transplant

In the liver transplant clinical trial [ s ee Clinical Studies (14. 2 ) ], the target tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations were greater than or equal to 8 ng/mL in the first 30 days posttransplant. The protocol required that patients had a tacrolimus trough concentration of at least 8 ng/mL in the week prior to initiation of Zortress. Zortress was initiated after 30 days posttransplant. At that time, the target tacrolimus trough concentrations were reduced to 3 to 5 ng/mL. Table 6 below provides a summary of the tacrolimus whole blood trough concentrations observed during the study through Month 24 posttransplant.

Table 6. Tacrolimus Trough Concentrations Over 24 Months Posttransplant – Liver Study Median Values (ng/mL) With 10^th and 90^th Percentiles

Treatment Group	Visit	N	Target (ng/mL)	Median	10 th percentile	90 th percentile
Pre-dose group Zortress1 mg twice daily (initiated at Month 1)	Week 4	234	3 to 5	9.5	5.8	14.6
	Week 5	219	3 to 5	8.1	4.5	13.8
	Week 6	233	3 to 5	7.0	4.1	12.0
	Month 2	219	3 to 5	5.6	3.4	10.3
	Month 3	218	3 to 5	5.2	3.1	9.7
	Month 4	196	3 to 5	4.9	2.9	7.7
	Month 5	195	3 to 5	4.8	2.7	7.3
	Month 6	200	3 to 5	4.6	3.0	7.5
	Month 9	186	3 to 5	4.4	2.9	8.0
	Month 12	175	3 to 5	4.3	2.6	7.3
	Month 24	109	3 to 5	3.8	2.3	5.5